MASTER 
NEGATIVE 

NO.  92-80515 


MICROFILMED  1992 
COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES/NEW  YORK 


as  part  of  the 
Western  Civilizatio: 


Funded  by  the 

WMENT  FOR  THE  HUMANITIES 


Reproductions  may  not  be  made  without  permission  from 

Columbia  University  Library 


COPYRIGHT  STATEMENT 

The  copyright  law  of  the  United  States  -  Title  17,  United 
States  Code  -  concerns  the  making  of  photocopies  or  other 
reproductions  of  copyrighted  material.,, 

Columbia  University  Library  reserves  the  right  to  refuse  to 
accept  a  copy  order  if,  in  its  judgement,  fulfillment  of  the  order 
would  mvolve  violation  of  the  copyright  law. 


AUTHOR: 


HARRER,  GUSTAVE  A. 


TITLE: 


STUDIES  IN  THE  HISTO 

RY  OF  ROMAN... 

PLACE: 

PRINCETON 

DA  TE : 

1915 


COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 
PRESERVATION  DEPARTMENT 


Master  Negative  # 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC  MICROFORM  TARGET 


Restrictions  on  Use: 


Original  Material  as  Filmed  -  Existing  Bibliographic  Record 


»Mi<\jy<?iiir  in  mmikV»i»Mtim 


G84.8 
11235 


Harrer,  Gustave  Adolphus,  1886- 

Studies  in  tlie  history  of  the  Eoman  province  of  Syria 
...by  Gustave  Adolplius  Ilarrer.  Princeton,  Princeton 
university  press;  ^etc.,  etc.]  1915. 

94  i>.    23'"\ 

Thesis    (rii.   D.)— Princeton   university,   1913. 


1-  £yria— Hist.     2.   Rome— Provinces— Syria. 


Library  of  Congress 
Princeton  Univ.  Ubr. 


1     1 


DG59.S9H3 


15-23636 


TECHNICAL  MICROFORM  DATA 

FILM     SIZE: =Jj:^A__  REDUCTION     RATIO:       y/^ 

IMAGE  PLACEMENT:    lA  HIA)   IB     IIB  ~  ~ 

DATE     FILMED:___^:^,^^^2^ INITIALS_____72V7 

FILMED  BY:    RESEARCH  PUBLICATIONS.  INC  WOODBRIDGE.  CT 


D 


Association  for  Information  and  image  IManagement 

1100  Wayne  Avenue.  Suite  1100 
Silver  Spring,  Maryland  20910 

301/587-8202 


Centimeter 

12         3        4 

iiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiilii 


im 


Ml 


TTT 


5         6         7        8         9 

iiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiilii 


TTTT^ 


Inches 


1 


.0 


I.I 


1.25 


10       11        12       13       14       15    mm 

iiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiiiiiil 


TTT 


111^'^.      2.8 

!   == 

2.5 

3.2 

2.2 

■  «o              „,       „ 

4.0 

UL         11!^ 

2.0 

tlmLLli. 

1.8 

1.4 

1.6 

TTT 


MfiNUFPCTURED   TO   flllM   STRNDRRDS 
BY   RPPLIED   IMRG^p     INC.  \ 


^ 


\ 


STUDIES  IN  THE  HISTORY 

OF  THE 

ROMAN  PROVINCE 
OF  SYRIA 


A   DISSEFLTATION 

presented  to  the 

Faculty  of  Princeton  University 

IN  Candidacy  for  the  Degree 

OF  Doctor  of  Philosophy 


by 


GUSTAVE   ADOLPHUS   HARRER 


PRINCETON   UNIVERSITY   PRESS 
PRINCETON 

LONDON:   HUMPHREY  MILFORD 
OXFORD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 

1915 


J¥^ 


?"«r 


H  ^ 


LIBRARY 


COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 

This  book  is  due  on  the  date  indicated  below,  or  at  the 
expiration  of  a  definite  period  after  the  date  of  borrowing, 
as  provided  by  the  rules  of  the  Library  or  by  special  ar- 
rangement with  the  Librarian  in  charge. 


DATE  BORROWED 

DATE  DUE 

DATE  BORROWED  [ 

DATE  DUE 

— ♦18l__ 

—  .Of  jy — 

^-■.hr>. 

C2e(2S9)MtOO 

STUDIES  IN  THE  HISTORY 


OF  THE 


ROMAN  PROVINCE 
OF  SYRIA 


A  DISSERTATION 


I 


presented  to  the 

Faculty  of  Princeton  University 

IN  Candidacy  for  the  Degree 

OF  Doctor  of  Philosophy 


BY 


GUSTAVE   ADOLPHUS   HARRER 


» « t 


PRINCETON   UNIVERSITY  PRESS 
PRINCETON 

LONDON:    HUMPHREY  MILFORD 
OXFORD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 

1915 


I) 


rO 


* 


Published  October,  191 5 
Accepted  by  the  Department  of  Classics 

June  1913 


W  1.^.  '6  b 


PREFACE 

The  general  topic  of  this  thesis  was  suggested  to  me  by 
Professor  David  Magie,  Jr.,  to  whom  I  am  further  greatly 
indebted  for  constant  helpful  advice  and  criticism  throughout 
the  preparation  of  it.  I  wish  to  express  my  thanks  to  Pro- 
fessor Duane  Reed  Stuart  who  has  read  the  thesis  in  manu- 
script, and  has  given  me  many  valuable  suggestions.  To 
Professor  William  K.  Prentice  I  am  also  under  obligations  for 
advice.  I  would  like  to  acknowledge  my  gratitude  to  all  my 
instructors  in  Princeton  during  my  graduate  and  undergraduate 
years. 

GusTAVE  A.  Harrer. 
Princeton  University 

March  2y,  191 5 


frf\^^>hi  •"> 


rRINCtTON 

iUNIVtHMTY; 

PRtSS, 


f 


I 


ABBREVIATIONS 

A.  A.  E.  S.  Ill  =  W.  K.  Prentice,  Greek  and  Latin  Inscriptions.  Part 
III  of  the  Publications  of  an  American  Archaeological  Expedition  to 
Syria  in  1899-1900.     N.  Y.,  1908. 

A.  E.  =  L'Annee  epigraphique. 

A.  E.  M.  =  Archaeologisch-epigraphische  Mitteilungen  aus  Oester- 
reich-Ungarn. 

A.  J.  A.  =  American  Journal  of  Archaeology. 

A.  J.  Ph.  =  American  Journal  of  Philology. 

Abh.  d.  Akad.  zu  Berlin  =  Abhandlungen  der  Koniglichen  Akademie 

der  Wissenschaften  zu  Berlin. 
Abh.   Sachs.   Ges.  d.  Wiss.  =  Abhandlungen  der  Koniglichen   Sach- 

sischen  Gesellschaft  der  Wissenschaften,  Leipzig. 

B.  A.  R.  =  Bolletino  dell'  Assoc.  Archaeologica  romana. 
B.  C.  H.  =  Bulletin  de  Correspondence  hellenique. 

B.  G.  U.  =  Griechische  Urkunden  aus  dem  Koniglichen  Museum  zu 

Berlin. 
B.  J.  =  Bonner  Jahrbiicher. 

B.  M.  C.  =  British  Museum  Catalogue  of  Greek  Coins.  London  1873— 
B.  M.  Gk.  Pap.  =  Greek  Papyri  in  the  British  Museum.     Edited  by 

F.  G.  Kenyon.    London. 
B.  S.  N.  A.  =  Bulletin    de    la    Societe    national    des    Antiquaires    de 

France. 
Babelon,  Rois  :=  E.  C.  F.  Babelon,  Les  Rois  de  Syrie,  d'Armenie,  et  de 

Commagene.     Paris,  1890. 
Brit.  Sch.  Ath.  =  British  School  at  Athens.    Annual. 
Brunnow,  Arabia  =  R.   E.  Brunnow  und  A.  von  Domaszewski,   Die 

Provincia   Arabia.     Strassburg   1904-1909. 
Bull,  dell  Inst.  =  BuUetino  dell*  Instituto  di  Corrispondenza  Archeo- 

logica. 
C.  I.  G.  =  Corpus  Inscriptionum  Graecarum. 
C.  I.  L.  =  Corpus  Inscriptionum  Latinarum. 
Chapot,  Front.  Euphart.  =  Victor  Chapot,  La  Frontiere  de  I'Euphrate 

de  Pompee  a  la  conquete  arabe.     Paris,  1907. 
Chapot,   Prov.   Asie  =  Victor  Chapot,   La   Province  romaine   procon- 

sulaire  d'Asie.     Paris,  1904. 
Cohen  =:  H.  Cohen,  Medailles  Imperiales.    Paris,  1880-1890. 
Dessau  =  H.  Dessau,  Inscriptiones  Latinae  Selectae.     Berlin,   1892—. 


ii 


Dittenberger,  Or.  Gr.  Inscr.  =  W.  Dittenberger,  Orientis  Graeci  In- 
scriptiones   Selectae.     Leipzig,   1903-1905. 

Domaszewski,  G.  R.  K.  =r  A.  von  Domaszewski,  Geschichte  der  Rom- 
ischen   Kaiser.     Leipzig,   1909. 

Domaszewski,  Rangord.  =  A.  von  Domaszewski,  Die  Rangordnung  des 
Romischen  Heeres.    Bonner  Jahrb.  117  (1908),  p.  i  ff. 

E.  E.  =  Ephemeris  Epigraphica. 

Eckhel  =  J.  Eckhel,  Doctrina  Numorum  Veterum.    Vindobona,  1792. 

Fayum  =  Fayum  Towns  and  their  Papyri,  ed.  by  B.  P.  Grenfell,  A.  S. 
Hunt,  and  D.  G.  Hogarth.     London,  1900. 

Fleck,  Jbb.  =  Neue  Jahrbucher  fiir  Philosophic  und  Paedagogik. 

Go.  Nachr.  =  Nachrichten  von  der  Koniglichen  Gesellschaft  der 
Wissenschaften  zu  Gottingen. 

Grenf.  Gk.  Pap.  =  B.  P.  Grenfell,  Greek  Papyri.  Oxford,  1896;  also, 
B.  P.  Grenfell  and  A.  S.  Hunt,  Greek  Papyri,  Series  IL    Oxford,  1897. 

Head,  Hist.  Num.  z=  B.  V.  Head,  Historia  Xumorum.  Ed.  2.  Oxford, 
1911. 

Hopkins,  Alex.  Sev.  =  R.  V.  N.  Hopkins,  The  Life  of  Alexander 
Severus.    Cambridge,  1907. 

Hunt.  Coll.  =  Catalogue  of  Greek  Coins  in  the  Hunterian  Collection, 

ed.  by  George  Macdonald.    Glasgow,  i89<>— . 
I.  G.  =  Inscriptiones  Graecae. 

I.  G.  R.  =  Inscriptiones  Graecae  ad  Res  Romanas  pertinentes,  Paris, 
1901 — . 

J.  H.  S.  =  Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies. 

J.  O.  A.  1.  =  Jahreshefte  des  Oesterreichen  Archaeologischen  Insti- 
tutes in  Wien. 

K.  W.  Z.  G.  K.  =Korrespondenzblatt  der  Westdeutschen  Zeitschrift  fiir 
Geschichte  und  Kunst. 

Liebenam  =  W.  Liebenam,  Forschungen  zur  Verwaltungsgeschichte 
des  Romischen  Kaiserreichs.  I  Band,  Die  Legaten  in  den  Romischen 
Provinzen  von  Augustus  bis  Diocletian.    Leipzig,  1888. 

Liebenam,  Fasti  =  W.  Liebenam,  Fasti  Consulares  Imperii  Roman!. 
Bonn,  1909. 

M.  A.  I.  =  Mitteilungen  des  Kaiserlichen  Deutschen  Archaeologischen 
Instituts,  Athenische  Abteilung. 

M.  N.  D.  P.  V.  =  Mitteilungen  und  Xachrichten  des  Deutschen  Palaes- 
tina-Vereins. 

M.  R.  I.  =  Mitteilungen  des  Kaiserlichen  Deutschen  Archaeologischen 
Instituts,  Romische  Abteilung. 

D.  Magie,  De  Vocabulis  Sollemnibus  =  David  Magie,  De  Romanorum 
Juris  publici  sacrique  Vocabulis  sollemnibus  in  Graecum  Sermonem 
conversis.     Teubner,   1905. 

Marq.  St.  V.  =  J.  Marquardt,  Romische  Staatsverwaltung.  Ed.  2. 
Leipzig,   1881-1885. 


I 


Mel.  Fac.  Or.  =  Melanges  de  la  Faculte  Orientale.     Boyrouth. 
Mitteis-Wilcken  =  L.  Mitteis  und  U.  Wilcken,  Grundziige  und  Chres- 

tomathie  der  Papyrus-Kunde.    Leipzig,  1912. 
Mommsen,  R.  G.  =  Th.  Mommsen,  Romische  Geschichte.    Vol.  5,  Die 

Provinzen.    Ed.  2.    Berlin,  1885. 
Mommsen,   St.   R.  =  Th.   Mommsen,   Romisches   Staatsrecht.     Ed.  3. 

Berlin,  1887. 
Muller,  F.  H.  G.  =  Karl  u.  Theodor  Miiller,  Fragmenta  Historicorum 

Graecorum.     Vol.  I,  Paris,  1885. 
N.  C.  =  Numismatic  Chronicle. 
Notizie  =  Notizie  degli   Scavi. 
Orelli  =  J.  C.  Orelli,  Inscriptionum  Latinarum  Selectarum  Amplissima 

Collectio.     Turici,  1828. 
Ox.  Pap.  =  The  Oxyrynchus  Papyri.     Edited  by  B.  P.  Grenfell  and 

A.  S.  Hunt.     London,  1898—. 
P.  A.  E.  S.  =  Publications  of  the  Princeton  University  Archaeological 

Expeditions  to  Syria  in  1904- 1905  and  1909.     Ley  den,  1907—. 
P.-W.  =  Pauly-Wissowa,  Real-Encyclopadie.     Stuttgart,  1894—. 
Pal.  Explor.  Fund  =  Palestine  Exploration  Fund. 
Philol.  =  Philologus. 

Prosop.   =   Prosopographia   Imperii  Romani.     Berlin,   1897 — . 
R.   B.  =  Revue  Biblique  Internationale. 
R.  E.  A.  =  Revue  des  £tudes  Anciennes. 
R.  G.  K.  =  Romisch-germanisches  Korrespondenzblatt. 
R.   N.  =   Revue   Numismatique. 

Rh.  M.  =  Rheinisches  Museum  fiir  Philologie.    Neue  Folge. 
Schiller  =  H.  Schiller,  Geschichte  der  Romischen  Kaiserzeit.     Gotha, 

1883. 
Schiirer,  G.  J.  V.  =  E.  Schiirer,  Geschichte  des  Judischen  Volkes  im 

Zeitalter  Jesu  Christi.     Ed.  3  and  4.     Leipzig,  1902. 
Sitz.    Berl.    Ak.    =    Sitzungsberichte    der    Kaiserlichen    Preussischen 

Akademie  der  Wissenschaften  zu  Berlin. 
Stech,    Senatores    Romani    =    Bruno    Stech,    Senatores    Romani    qui 

fuerint  inde  a  Vcspasiano  usque  ad  Traiani  exitum.     Klio    (1912), 

Beiheft  10. 
Stout,   Govs,   of   Moesia  =   S.   E.   Stout,   The   Governors  of   Moesia. 

Princeton,  191 1. 
Wadd.  =  Le  Bas-Waddington,  Voyage  archeologique  en  Grece  et  en 

Asie  Mineure,  I-III.     Paris,  1847-1877. 
Wilcken,  Gk.  Ostr.  =  Ulrich  Wilcken,  Griechische  Ostraka  aus  Aegyp- 

ten  und  Nubien.     Leipzig,  1899. 
A.  Wirth,  Quaest.  Sev.  =  A.  Wirth,  Quaestiones  Severianae.  Diss.   1888. 
Z.  D.  P.  V.  =  Zeitschrift  des  Deutschen  Palaestina-Vereins. 
Z.  N.  =  Zeitschrift  fiir  Numismatik. 


Dittenberger,  Or.  Gr.  Inscr.  =  W.  Dittenberger,  Orientis  Graeci  In- 
scriptiones   Selectae.     Leipzig,   1903-1905. 

Domaszewski,  G.  R.  K.  =  A.  von  Domaszewski,  Geschichte  der  Rom- 
ischen  Kaiser.     Leipzig,   1909. 

Domaszewski,  Rangord.  =  A.  von  Domaszewski,  Die  Rangordnung  des 

Romischen  Heeres.    Bonner  Jahrb.  117  (1908),  p.  i  ff. 
E.  E.  =:  Ephemeris  Epigraphica. 
Eckhel  =  J.  Eckhel,  Doctrina  Numorum  Veterum.    Vindobona,  1792. 

Fayum  =  Fayum  Towns  and  their  Papyri,  ed.  by  B.  P.  Grenfell,  A.  S. 
Hunt,  and  D.  G.  Hogarth.    London,  1900. 

Fleck,  Jbb.  =  Neue  Jahrbiicher  fiir  Philosophie  und  Paedagogik. 

Go.  Nachr.  =  Nachrichten  von  der  Koniglichen  Gesellschaft  der 
Wissenschaften  zu  Gottingen. 

Grenf.  Gk.  Pap.  =  B.  P.  Grenfell,  Greek  Papyri.  Oxford,  1896;  also, 
B.  P.  Grenfell  and  A.  S.  Hunt,  Greek  Papyri,  Series  H.    Oxford,  1897. 

Head,  Hist.  Num.  =  B.  V.  Head,  Historia  Numorum.  Ed.  2.  Oxford, 
1911. 

Hopkins,  Alex.  Sev.  =  R.  V.  N.  Hopkins,  The  Life  of  Alexander 
Severus.     Cambridge,  1907. 

Hunt.  Coll.  =  Catalogue  of  Greek  Coins  in  the  Hunterian  Collection, 
ed.  by  George  Macdonald.     Glasgow,  1899 — . 

L  G.  =  Inscriptiones  Graecae. 

I.  G.  R.  =  Inscriptiones  Graecae  ad  Res  Romanas  pertinentes,  Paris, 
1901— . 

J.  H.  S.  =  Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies. 

J.  O.  A.  L  =  Jahreshefte  des  Oesterreichen  Archaeologischen  Insti- 
tutes in  Wien. 

K.  W.  Z.  G.  K.  =Korrespondenzblatt  der  Westdeutschen  Zeitschrift  fur 
Geschichte  und  Kunst. 

Liebenam  =  W.  Liebenam,  Forschungen  zur  Verwaltungsgeschichte 
des  Romischen  Kaiserreichs.  I  Band,  Die  Legaten  in  den  Romischen 
Provinzen  von  Augustus  bis  Diocletian.    Leipzig,  1888. 

Liebenam,  Fasti  =  W.  Liebenam,  Fasti  Consulares  Imperii  Roman!. 
Bonn,  1909. 

M.  A.  I.  =  Mitteilungen  des  Kaiserlichen  Deutschen  Archaeologischen 
Instituts,  Athenische  Abteilung. 

M.  N.  D.  P.  V.  =  Mitteilungen  und  Nachrichten  des  Deutschen  Palaes- 
tina-Vereins. 

M.  R.  I.  =  Mitteilungen  des  Kaiserlichen  Deutschen  Archaeologischen 
Instituts,  Romische  Abteilung. 

D.  Magie,  De  Vocabulis  Sollemnibus  =  David  Magie,  De  Romanorum 
luris  publici  sacrique  Vocabulis  sollemnibus  in  Graecum  Sermonem 
conversis.     Teubner,   1905. 

Marq.  St.  V.  =  J.  Marquardt,  Romische  Staatsverwaltung.  Ed.  2. 
Leipzig,   1881-1885. 


Mel.  Fac.  Or.  =  Melanges  de  la  Faculte  Orientale.     Boyrouth. 
Mitteis-Wilcken  =  L.  Mitteis  und  U.  Wilcken,  Grundziige  und  Chres- 

tomathie  der  Papyrus-Kunde.    Leipzig,  1912. 
Mommsen,  R.  G.  =  Th.  Mommsen,  Romische  Geschichte.    Vol.  5,  Die 

Provinzen.    Ed.  2.    Berlin,  1885. 
Mommsen,   St.   R.  =  Th.   Mommsen,   Romisches   Staatsrecht.     Ed.  3. 

Berlin,  1887. 
Miiller,  F.  H.  G.  =  Karl  u.  Theodor  Muller,  Fragmenta  Historicorum 

Graecorum.    Vol.  I,  Paris,  1885. 
N.  C.  =  Numismatic  Chronicle. 
Notizie  =  Notizie  degli  Scavi. 
Orelli  =  J.  C.  Orelli,  Inscriptionum  Latinarum  Selectarum  Amplissima 

Collectio.     Turici,  1828. 
Ox.  Pap.  =  The  Oxyrynchus  Papyri.     Edited  by  B.  P.  Grenfell  and 

A.  S.  Hunt.     London,   1898—. 
P.  A.  E.  S.  =  Publications  of  the  Princeton  University  Archaeological 

Expeditions  to  Syria  in  1904-1905  and  1909.     Leyden,  1907—. 
P.-W.  =  Pauly-Wissowa,  Real-Encyclopadie.     Stuttgart,  1894—. 
Pal.  Explor.  Fund  =  Palestine  Exploration  Fund. 
Philol.  =  Philologus. 

Prosop.  =   Prosopographia  Imperii  Romani.    Berlin,   1897 — . 
R.  B.  =  Revue  Biblique  Internationale. 
R.  E.  A.  =  Revue  des  fitudes  Anciennes. 
R.  G.  K.  =  Romisch-germanisches  Korrespondenzblatt. 
R.  N.  :=  Revue  Numismatique. 

Rh.  M.  =  Rheinisches  Museum  fiir  Philologie.    Neue  Folge. 
Schiller  =  H.  Schiller,  Geschichte  der  Romischen  Kaiserzeit.     Gotha, 

1883. 
Schiirer,  G.  J.  V.  =  E.  Schiirer,  Geschichte  des  Jiidischen  Volkes  im 

Zeitalter  Jesu  Christi.    Ed.  3  and  4.    Leipzig,  1902. 
Sitz.    Berl.    Ak.    =    Sitzungsberichte    der    Kaiserlichen    Preussischen 

Akademie  der  Wissenschaften  zu  Berlin. 
Stech,    Senatores    Romani    =    Bruno    Stech,    Senatores    Romani    qui 

fuerint  inde  a  Vcspasiano  usque  ad  Traiani  exitum.     Klio    (1912), 

Beiheft  10. 
Stout,   Govs,   of   Moesia  =   S.   E.   Stout,   The   Governors  of   Moesia. 

Princeton,  191 1. 
Wadd.  =  Le  Bas-Waddington,  Voyage  archeologique  en  Grece  et  en 

Asie  Mineure,  I-III.     Paris,  1847-1877. 
Wilcken,  Gk.  Ostr.  =  Ulrich  Wilcken,  Griechische  Ostraka  aus  Aegyp- 

ten  und  Nubien.    Leipzig,  1899. 
A.  Wirth,  Quaest.  Sev.  =  A.  Wirth,  Quaestiones  Severianae.  Diss.   1888. 
Z.  D.  P.  V.  =  Zeitschrift  des  Deutschen  Palaestina-Vereins. 
Z.  N.  =  Zeitschrift  fiir  Numismatik. 


Zschr.  Deutsch.  Morg.  Ges.  =  Zeitschrift  der  Deutschen  Morgenland. 
Gesellschaft. 

indicates  the  omission  of  part  of  an  inscription. 

?   placed   before   a   name,   indicates   that   it   is   doubtful   whether   the 
person  in  question  was  governor  or  not. 

?  placed  after  a  name,  indicates  that  the  name  is  not  certain. 

?  used  in  connection  with  a  date  indicates  that  the  time  is  uncertain. 

[  ]    inclosing  a  name,   indicates   that  the  person   in  question   was  not 
governor  in  my  opinion. 

The  dates  given  for  the  consulships  of  the  various  governors  are  taken 
from   Liebenam,  Fasti. 


8 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Governors  of  Syria  (69-194  A.D.) 11 

Governors  of  Syria  Coele  (194-ciRCA  300  A.D.) 43 

Governors  of  Syria  Phoenice  (194-ciRCA  300  A.D.)..  53 

Governors  of  Syria  before  70  A.D.  (notes) 63 

Uncertain  Governors  of  Uncertain  times 65 

Procurators    of     Syria,     Syria    Coele,     and     Syria 

Phoenice   66 

The  Separation  of  Cilicia  and  Syria *J2 

The  Revolt  of  Pescennius  Niger 78 

The  Division  of  Syria 87 

Note  on  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  6169 91 

Index  Nominum  92 

Appendix 94 


I 


) ! 


■1 


GOVERNORS  OF  SYRIA 

Cn.  Pompeius  Collega^  69-70 

Jos.  B.  J.  VII,  3,  4  (§58-59);  fJLoXi^  8*  aiTC>v  iSvvrjBrj  r^i?  6p/xas 
iino-xiLv  Naios  KoAA>;yas  tls  TrpccryScvT?;?,  diiwv  cVtTpci/^at  Katcrapt 
SiyXw^^mt  -rrepl  tCjv  yeyovoTtov  tov  yap  rfyt/jLovevovra  t^s  2vptas  KaiccV- 
vtov  UoLTOv  r/Srj  fikv  Ovco-Trao-tavos  c^aTreo-raXKCt,  avve'/ffatvct   8c   Trapclvat 

This  passage  from  Josephus  shows  that,  in  all  probability, 
Collega,  who  was  no  doubt  legate  of  a  legion,-  had  been  put 
in  charge  of  Syria  at  the  time  of  the  departure  of  Mucianus 
in  the  autumn  of  69.^  The  reference  is  to  the  autumn  of  70,* 
before  the  arrival  of  the  new  consular  legate  Paetus. 

L.   Caesennius  Paetus  70-72 

(i)  Jos.  B.  J.  VII,  3,  4  (§58-59).  See  under  Pompeius 
Collega. 

(2)  Mel.  Fac.  Or.  II  (1907),  p.  ^T^y  —  A.  E.  (1907),  193; 
Imp[erator]  Ca[e]s.  Vespa[sia]nus  Aug.  Pont.  [Max]  T[r]. 
P[ot]est.  Ill  P.  [P.]  Cos.  nil  [cur.  L.  C]aesennio  [Paeto] 
leg.  Aug.  pro[p]r.  CCXXXIIII.     (Near  Beirut.) 

(3)  Jos.  B.J.  VII,  7,  I  (§219);  ^877  8c  €Tos  TcVaproi/ Ovco-Trao-tavov 

8i€7rovTos  ri)v  rjyifJiOvCav (§220)   KatcrcVv/os   IlatTO?,   6   t^s   Svpt'as 

-qycfxiov  Torc  KaOearrjKws . 

Consul  in  6i. 

It  is  evident  from  the  passage  in  Josephus  (i)  that  Paetus 
was  appointed  governor  of  Syria  by  Vespasian,  but  had  not 
yet  arrived  in  the  autumn  of  70.^  The  inscription  (2)  from 
the  mention  of  cos.  IIII  and  trib.  pot.  Ill  of  Vespasian  should 
be  dated  between  Jan.  i,  and  July  i,  y2.^    The  reference  (3) 

*  Prosop.  Ill,  65,  458. 

^  Similar  cases  of  a  legate  of  a  legion  acting  as  governor  are  found. 
See  under  A.  Larcius  Priscus,  p.  19:  and  C.  Julius  Severus,  p.  26. 
"Liebenam  p.  258.     P.-W.  Ill,  1308. 

*  Jos.  B.  J.  VII,  3,  3.     Schiirer,  G.  J.  V.  I,  p.  635. 
**  See  under  Pompeius  Collega,  n.  3. 

*  Cf .  Stech,  Senatores  Romani  p.  5,  19. 

II 


shows  that  Paetus  was  still  governor  in  the  fourth  year  of 
Vespasian,  July  i,  72/73.  During  Paetus'  term,  Commagene 
xxroc  added  to  the  province  of  Syria/ 


was 


Marius  Celsus  73 

B.  C  H.  XXVI  (1902),  p.  206  =  A.  E.  (1903),  256;  [Imp. 
Caejsar  Vespasianus  Aug.  [Pont.]  Max.  Trib.  Potest.  III[I-] 
[I]mp.  X.  [Cos.  IJIII-  [Cos.]  Designat.  V-  [P.  P.  Titus] 
Caesar  Vespasianu[s  I]mp.  [I]II  Trib.  Potest.  II-  Co[s.]  II 
Design.  Ill  .  [C]ensores  Designati  su[b]  ||||  Mario  Celso  leg. 
Aug.  pro  pr.  [p]e[r  leg.]||||  et  leg.  |||||||||  opus  cochli[dis 
d]e  communi  [imp(ensa)]  fecerunt.  (Near  Aini  on  the 
Euphrates.) 

The  tr.  pot.  II  of  Titus  dates  the  inscription  July  i,  72/73 
surely,  w^hile  from  the  fact  that  Vespasian  is  cos.  desig.  V, 
and  both  are  censores  desig.,  the  time  would  be  the  spring 
of  /2„  perhaps  March.^  Celsus  no  doubt  succeeded  Paetus, 
either  at  the  end  of  ^2,  or  the  beginning  of  73.  Since  he  held 
office  for  a  term  of  two  or  three  years  at  least,  he  probably 
governed  until  Trajan  took  the  province.  Chapot,  who  edits 
the  inscription,  thinks  that  he  was  the  consul  of  62,^  though 
possibly  of  69. 

M.   Ulpius  Traianus  7^/77-79 

(i)  B.  M.  C.  Galatia— (1899),  p.  180,  239;  Hunt.  Coll.  Ill 
(1905),  p.  160,  139;  T.  Caesari.  Imp.  Pont.  |  €irl    Tpatavov    *Av- 

TLO)(i<i)V   €T.         EKP. 

(2)  Stech  (Senatores  Romani  p.  7,  34)  gives  part  of  a  new 
inscription  referred  to  by  Dessau,  Hermes  XLV  (1910),  p.  9, 
n.  2;  Trajan  was  legatus  "[Imp.  Titi  C]aesa[ns  D]ivi  Vespa- 
s[ia]ni  f.  Vespa[siani  Aug.  pro  pra]et.  Syriae." 

(3)  Pliny,  Paneg.  14,  §1  ;  Non  incunabula  haec  tibi,  Caesar, 

'  Marq.  St.  V.  I,  p.  399- 

•Mommsen,  St.  R.  IP,  p.  35^.  H.  C.  Newton,  Cornell  Stud.  XVI 
(1901),  p.  28ff.    Acad.  Inscr.  et  Belles-Lettres— Comptes  Rendus  (1912) 

Aug.   Sept.  p.  397- 

•  Stech,  Senatores  Romani  p.  5,  20,  believes  that  he  was  the  consul 
of  62.  It  seems  to  me  quite  as  probable  that  he  was  the  consul  of  69, 
a  man  who  had  had  some  experience  in  the  East  as  leg.  leg.  XV  Apoll. 
(Tacitus,  A.  XV,  25),  and  had  been  an  active  supporter  of  Otho  in 
69.   (Prosop.  II,  345,  223). 

12 


et  rudimenta,  cum  puer  admodum  Parthica  lauro  gloriam  patris 
augeres  -  -  - . 

Consul  suff.  anno  incert. 

The  date  of  the  coins  of  Antioch  (i),  125,  according  to  the 
Caesarian  era,  is  autumn  76/77 ^^  A  new  inscription  (2) 
shows  that  Trajan  continued  as  governor  through  the  middle 
of  79,  after  the  death  of  Vespasian  in  June.^^  In  the  same 
year  he  was  assigned  to  the  proconsulship  of  Asia.^^  It  seems 
quite  likely,  from  the  notice  in  Pliny  (3),  that  the  "triumphalia 
ornamenta,"  referred  to  by  Stech  (2)  as  in  the  inscription, 
have  to  do  with  the  Syrian  governorship. 

L.  Ceionius  Commodus  79/^0 

(i)  B.  M.  C  Galatia— (1899),  p.  272,  31;  Hunt.  Coll.  Ill 

(1905),     p.     214,     25;     R.     N.     II      (1898),     2,     p.     618,     7266;        CTTt 

Ko/xdSov  HOP  I  SeXevKCcov  r^s  tcpa?  kol  avTOvOfiov . 

(2)  A.  J.  Ph.  VI  (1885),  p.  192;  M.  N.  D.  P.  V.  VII  (1901), 
p.  64,  29;  I.  G.  R.  Ill,  1356;  E.  Schwartz,  Go.  Nachr.  (1906), 

p.  363 ;  [cJtous  hap  v[7r€]p  T179  Toiv  2[c/?ao'Ta)v  oruyrrjpia^^  ...  |  ...  pai 

dv[c](rT7;[cr]av  7rvX7;[v  .  .  ck  to)v  tSjtcDV  av[^€6^rjKav  Ka [K]cto>v[t']ov 

Ko/>i[dS]ov  7r/o£[o-/?.   Acy.^^ 

Consul  in  y8. 

From  the  coin  with  the  date  188,  it  has  been  calculated, 
reckoning  according  to  the  Actian  era,  which  began  Sep.  2, 
31  B.C.,^*  that  this  Commodus  should  be  dated  157/158  as 
governor  of  Syria.  The  principal  reason  for  choosing  this  era 
seems  to  have  been  the  fact  that  a  C.  Julius  Commodus  Orfi- 
tianus  is  known  in  the  middle  of  the  second  century,  a  legate 
of  Thrace  and  curator  op.  pub.^"'  Dieudonne^^  has  given 
reasons,  based  on  numismatic  data,  to  show  that  the  coin  should 
not  be  dated  by  the  Actian  era,  but  by  the  era  of  autonomy 
of  Seleucia.  Kubitschek^^  also  doubts  the  use  of  the  Actian 
era.     It  is  especially  noteworthy,  that,  aside  from  Commodus, 

''  P.-W.  I,  650. 

"  Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  105. 

"  I.  G.  R.  IV,  845. 

^'  The  name  is  filled  out  by  Schwartz. 

O.  Kaestner,  De  Aeris,  p.  7,  P-  22.    Pick,  Z.  N.  XIV  (1887)  p.  309ff. 

J.  Klein,  Rh.  M.  XXXY  (1880),  p.  3i7ff.    Liebenam  p.  382.     Briin- 
now,  Arabia  III,  p.  288,  p.  300.    Prosop.  II,  187,  185. 
^•R.  N.  XIII  (1909),  p.  i82ff. 
''  P.-W.  I,  649. 

13 


14 


16 


I 


no  governor  is  mentioned  on  coins  after  Trajan  in  76/77. 
There  is  besides  epigraphical  evidence  for  excluding  Commo- 
dus  from  the  date  157/158.  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  D.  CX  gives  Attidius 
CorneHanus  as  governor  of  Syria.  The  inscription  is  dated  in 
the  twentieth  trib.  pot.  of  Antoninus  Pius  (Dec.  10,  156/157), 
and  "a.  d.  IV  (month  lost)  -  -  ONO  CAELIOSE,"  evidently 
denoting  the  cos.  suffecti.  The  date  may  then  fall  within  156, 
after  Dec.  10,  in  that  case  either  Dec.  10,  or  29,  or  in  157, 
probably  after  April  since  the  consuls  are  suffecti.  The  latest 
date  possible  in  157  is  Dec.  2.  Therefore  the  dating  of  Commo- 
dus  in  158  is  impossible,  since  from  157  CorneHanus  was  gov- 
ernor for  several  years. ^**  It  is  barely  possible  of  course  that 
the  date  of  the  coin  could  fall  within  the  period  Sep.  2,  157^'-* 
to  Dec.  2.  Ritterling-'^  also  rejects  C.  Julius  Commodus  as 
governor  of  Syria  in  157.  The  position  of  curator  op.  pub., 
held  by  Commodus  in  161,  could  not,  he  says,  follow  the  gov- 
ernorship of  Syria  at  this  time.-^  There  is  also  an  inscription 
from  Palestine,"  dated  161/169,  which  is  assigned  to  this  same 
Julius  Commodus  as  governor  of  that  province.  But  it  is 
quite  impossible  that  an  official  should  go  from  a  province  of 
higher  order  to  one  of  a  lower.-*^  The  very  reason  then  for 
dating  our  Commodus  in  157/158,  namely  his  presumable  iden- 
tity with  C.  Julius  Commodus,  is  seen  to  have  no  weight. 

Dieudonne,-^  after  giving  up  the  Actian  area,  chose  to  date 
the  coin  according  to  the  era  of  autonomy  very  frequently 
used  at  Seleucia.  He  noted  that  L.  Ceionius  Commodus  was 
consul  in  'j'^,  so  that  he  might  well  have  held  the  governorship 
of  Syria  at  this  time.  The  date  is  79/80.-'  Although  an  ap- 
pointment to  Syria  so  soon  after  the  consulship  is  not  usual, 
it  is  not  unparalleled.    The  case  of  L.  Vitellius  is  analogous.^* 

^'*  See  below,  under  the  name,  p.  30. 

*'  See  above,   and  n.   14. 

=»A.  E.  M.  XX   (1897),  p.  28,  note  68. 

^  R.  no  doubt  means  any  consular  province, 
inscriptions  given  in  P.-W.  IV,  1789,  and  A.  E 
his  view.     There  is  one  exception,  C.  I.  L.  XI,  3365. 

==»€.  I.  L.  Ill,  6645. 

"  Domaszewski,  Rangord.,  p.  i8off. 

**  Loc  cit. 

-'Dieudonne,  putting  the  year  of  the  era  in  1 10/109  B.C.,  dates  the 
coin  78/79.  The  first  year  of  the  era  however  seems  to  be  109/108. 
See  Dittenberger,  Or.  Gr.  Inscr.  I,  p.  4^.  and  Pick,  Z.  X.  XIV,  p.  310. 

^  Suet.,  Vitellius  2,  §4-    Schurer,  G.  J.  V.  I,  p.  333- 

14 


The  evidence  of   the 
(1904),  183,  supports 


An  inscription"  of  Gerasa  (2),  dated  75/76  A.D.,  and  contain- 
ing the  name  of  a  Ceionius  Commodus  legatus — of  a  legion,  as 
Schwartz  thinks — may  be  referred  with  a  fair  degree  of  proba- 
bility to  this  same  man.-* 


T.  Atilius  Rufus 


After  80-84 


(i)  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  D.  XI;  (Copiae)  quae  sunt  in  Pannonia  sub 

T.  Atilio  Rufo Idibus  lunis  L.  Lamia  Plautio  Aeliano, 

C.  Mario  Marcello  Octavio  Publio  Cluvio  Rufo  cos. 

(2)  Tacitus,  Agr.  40;  -  -  Syriam  provinciam  Agricolae  des- 
tinari,  vacuam  tum  morte  Atilii  Rufi  consularis  et  maioribus 
reservatam. 

Consul  suff.  anno  incert. 

The  mihtary  diploma  (i)  shows  that  Rufus  was  governor 
in  Pannonia  June  13,  80,  while  the  reference  in  Tacitus  (2) 
to  his  death  while  governor  of  Syria  is  assigned  to  the  year  84. 


29 


M.  Cornelius  M.  f.  Gal.  Nigrinus  Curiatius  Maternus 

C.  I.  L.  II,  6013;  M.  Cornelio  M.  f.  G[al.]  Nigrino  Curiatio 
Materno  cos.  leg.  Aug.  pro  pr.  provinc.  Moes.  provinc.  Syriae. 

No.  3783  is  very  similar. 

Consul  suff.  anno  incert. 

If  these  inscriptions  are  strictly  correct,  Maternus  as  gov- 
ernor of  undivided  Moesia  must  be  dated  before  90.^^  His 
term  in  Syria  would  then  probably  fall  between  the  terms  of 
Rufus  and  lavolenus  Priscus.  An  earlier  date,  though  possi- 
ble, is  not  likely,  for  the  Syrian  list  is  almost  complete  to  this 
time. 


C.  Octavius  Tidius  Tossianus  L.  lavolenus  Priscus 

Autumn  90/98 
(i)  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  9960;  C.  Octavio  Tidio  Tossiano  L.  laoleno 
Pris*.  >   leg.   leg.    IV.   Flav.   leg.   leg.    III.   Aug.   iuridic.   pro- 
vinc.   Brittanniae    leg.    consulari    provinc.    Germ.    Superioris 

^^  Schwartz  (2)  dates  it  according  to  the  Pompeian  era,  and  refers  it 
to  the  Commodus  consul  in  78. 

*"*  Stech,  Senatores  Romani,  p.  11,  70 — the  book  came  to  my  hand 
after  this  was  written — notes  most  of  the  material  which  I  have  col- 
lected here ;  but  comes  to  no  conclusion. 

*"  Prosop.  I,   175,   1084.     P.-W.   II,  2094. 

*  Stout,  Govs,  of  Moesia  p.  20. 

15 


legato  consular!  provinc.  Syriae  proconsuli  provinc.  Africae 
pontifici  P.  Mutilius  P.  f.  Cla.  Crispins  T.  P.  I.  Amico 
Carissimo. 

(2)  C.  I.  L.  XIII,  6821  =  III,  D.  XXI ;  (Copiae)  quae  sunt 
in  Germania  Superiore  sub  L.  lavoleno  Prisco.  (Oct.  26  90 
A.D.) 

(3)  Pliny,   Ep.   VI,    15; Is  cum   recitaret,   ita  coepit 

dicere,  Trisce,  iubes.'  Ad  hoc  lavolenus  Priscus  (aderat 
enim,  ut  Paulo  amicissimus)  'ego  vero  non  iubeo.'  Cogita  qui 
risus  hominum,  qui  ioci.  Est  omnino  Priscus  dubiae  sanitatis, 
interest  tamen  officiis,  adhibetur  consiliis  atque  etiam  ius  civile 
publice  respondet . 

(4)  Dig.  XL,  2,  5;   (Julianus) ego,  qui  meminissem 

lavolenum  praeceptorem  meuni  et  in  Africa  et  ii^  Syria  servos 
suos  manumississe  -  -  -  . 

Consul  suff.  ann.  incert.,  between  83  and  90,^'  dates  of  his 
governorship  of  Numidia  and  Germania  Sup.,  respectively; 
possibly  in  87  as  Pallu  de  Lessert^-  suggests,  on  the  evidence  of 
a  fragment  of  Acta  Fr.  Arv.'^^  which  mentions  a  Priscus  as 
consul. 

A  comparison  of  the  inscriptions  (i)  and  (2)  shows  that 
he  must  have  been  governor  of  Syria  sometime  after  Oct.  26, 
90.  Now  we  have  Quadratus  as  governor  during  the  first 
years  of  the  second  century,  and,  as  his  successor,  Palma.  So 
in  all  probability  Priscus  would  precede  them.  Furthermore 
the  proconsulship  was  usually  held  about  ten  years  after  the 
consulship,  in  this  period.^*  De  Lessert^^  then  makes  him  pro- 
consul of  Africa  by  the  year  97  or  98,  preceding  Marius  Pris- 
cus. It  is  possible  also  to  argue  from  the  passage  in  Pliny  (3) 
that  lavolenus  Priscus,^^  who  was  then  in  Rome  in  106  or  107, 
had  become  old  and  childish,  and  that  his  career  of  active 
service  must  have  preceded  that  date.^^ 

"  Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  75. 
''  Pastes  Prov.  Afr.  I,  p.  167. 
'^Henzen,  Acta  Fr.  Arv.  CXX. 
'^Wadd.  Ill,  p.  659. 
"  Op.  cit.  p.  169. 
^  Op.  cit.  p.  167  and  note  4. 

"'  Stech,  Senalores  Romani  p.  30,  193,  fails  to  mention  the  governor- 
ship of  Syria. 


>     ♦ 


C.  Antius  Aulus  lulius  A.  F.  Voltinia  Quadratus 

98/102-103  or  104 

(i  )   Frankel,  Inschr.  von  Perg.  II,  436  ;  Fatov  *A[vTtov  AvX]ov 

*IovAio[v]   AvXov    i'Lov    [KovaSpar^ov  vnaTO^v]    o'C7rTC/ut[oi;ipov/Lt   inovXa)- 

vovjjt.  cf>paTpe[fJL   dpovoAc/x] [7rp€a^€VTr]v  kol  avTL](7Tpd[TYj- 

yov    AvTOKpaTopo^   Ncpojva   [Tpatxivov   Kato-apo?    Se^aaroi)    TepfiaviKOv 

(2)  Frankel,  Inschr.  von  Perg.  II,  437  =  !.  G.R.  IV,  374; 
[A]vA.ov  'lovAtov  [KovaSparov]  viraTov,  7r/3[ccry8cv]T[^]v  kol  avriarpdnqyov 
AvTOKpdTopo<;   Ncpova  Tpatavov  Katcrapos  2c/8acrTo[v]  FcppaviKoO  AaKt- 

Kov  2vpta[s]  ^OLV€LKr)<s  Kofj.p,ay^vr}<: . 

(3)  Dittenberger,  Or.  Graec.  Inscr.  II,  486  =  Frankel   II, 

440 ;    Faiov  "AvTLOv   AvA-Ov  'lovXtov   AvXov  VLov   KoraSpaTOv,    8ts   r'Trarov 

TrptcrfitvT-qv  kol   dvTLCTT paT-qyov  AvroKparopo^   Ncpora  Kaiorapos 

TptttavoO  ^t^aarov  TtpfxaviKov  CTrapx^tas  Svptas  -  -  -  . 

(4)  M.  A.  I.  XXIX  (1904),  p.  175,  No.  19  =  A.  E.  (1904), 

193;    -q   ^ovkrj  KOL   6   SrjiJLO^  f-TLfx-qa-t  Fatov  "Avrtov  AvXov    lovXtov  AvAov 

VLOV  OvoXtlvui  KovaSparov  viraTOv  (3' irpiO-^evTrjv  kol  dvTLO-Tpdrrjyov 

AvTOKpdropo^  Ncpova  Tpauxvov  KatVapos  "^cfiaaTOv  TepfxavLKOV  C7rap;j(tas 
2v[ptas . 

Consul  sufif.  in  93.    Consul  ord.  in  105. 

The  inscription  in  Frankel  (i),  which  gives  the  first  con- 
sulship only,  puts  the  governorship  of  Syria  before  105. 
Inscription  (2),  in  the  opinion  of  Frankel,  was  put  up  during 
Quadratus'  term  in  Syria.  Since  he  is  here  legate  of  Trajan 
"Germanicus  Dacicus,"  he  can  hardly  have  left  the  province 
before  the  beginning  of  103.'^^  But  now  Dittenberger^^  states : 
*'Sed  cum  legatio  Syriaca  item  anno  103  non  antiquior  sit  -  -." 
And  so  too  V.  Rohden^^  has  "nicht  vor  102."  These  inscrip- 
tions with  ''Germanicus  Dacicus"*^  do  show  Quadratus  as 
governor  at  the  end  of  102,  but  do  not  confine  the  beginning 
of  his  term  to  that  date.  It  may  have  begun  earlier,  and  in 
fact  we  have  two  inscriptions  which  go  to  show  that  it  did. 
The  one,  published  by  Dittenberger  himself  (3),  the  other, 
by  Schroder  (4),  show  Quadratus  as  governor  under  Trajan 
"Germanicus"  alone,  without  the  "Dacicus."     In  view  of  this 

^Frankel,  Inschr.  von  Perg.  II,  p.  299.     Dittenberger  (Or.  Gr.  Inscr. 
II,  p.  117,  n.  10.)  prints  Lyciacae  and  Lycia  for  Syriacae  and  Syria. 
^  Op.  cit.  n.  3,  p.  116.     Cf.  n.  10. 
^  P.-W.  I,  2565. 
*"  With  (2)  cf.  C.  I.  G.  3548. 


16 


17 


/; 


omission  it  is  possible  to  infer  that  Quadratus  became  gov- 
ernor as  early  as  98;^^  but  surely  before  the  fall  of  102.  The 
earliest  possible  date  for  the  end  of  the  governorship  has  been 
noted.  It  is  quite  reasonable  to  suppose,  however,  that  Quad- 
ratus remained  till  late  in  104,  when  he  must  have  left  to 
assume  the  consulship  in  105.  Early  in  that  year  we  find 
him  in  Rome.'*^ 

A.  Cornelius  Palma  104- 106/ 108 

(1)  I.  G.  R.  Ill,  I291  ;  VTTcp  (T(DTr)pLa^  Koi  vy€(t)a?  AvTOKpaTOpos 
Nepova  Tpatavov  KatVapo?  Scy^acrrov  TepixaviKov  AaKiK[o]v,  ayu)yo<: 
vSarcDi/  ci(T<^€po/>tcv<o[v]   cis  Kai'[a]Ta   [cJk    npovouiq  [K^opvrjXLOv  Uakpa 

7rpc[o-]/J.  2c)3.  dvTLCTTp.  (El-Afinch)  cf.  No.  1273. 

(2)  Dio  Cassius  LXVIII,  14,  5  ;  Kara  8€  tov  avTov  TovTov  xpovov 
Kal  IlaA/xas   rij?    Sv/otia?   dp^wv   rrjv  ^ApafSiav  rrjv  Trpo?    rrj   Uirpa   <x^*" 

Consul  ord.  in  99.     Consul  ord.  II  in  109. 

Palma  was  no  doubt  the  successor  of  Quadratus.  The  titles 
of  Trajan  in  the  inscriptions  (i)  indicate  a  date  after  102. 
As  Dio  (2)  tells  us,  Palma  brought  Arabia  Petraea  under 
Roman  sway,  in  105/106.**  This  date  is  borne  out  by  the  era 
of  the  capital,  Bostra,  which  began  March  22,  106.*"^  How 
long  after  this  he  was  governor  is  uncertain,  quite  likely  up 
to  the  time  of  his  second  consulship.*® 

[Atticus] 
Eusebius*^  tells  us  that  Symeon,  bishop  at  Jerusalem,  was 

put     to     death    crrl  Tpatavov   Kaicrapa?   Kal   vTrariKOv  'Attikov.      The 

natural  inference  is,  of  course,  that  Atticus  was  governor  of 
Judaea  at  this  time.  This  is  the  opinion  of  Liebenam***  and 
of    Schurer.***      Klebs,*"'^   however,    and    Groag'^    followed   by 


43 


Trajan  took  the  title  "Germanicus"   in  97.     See  Liebenam,   Fasti 

p.  107. 
"  Henzen,  Acta  Fr.  Arv.  CXLV,  Jan.  3,  105. 

**P.-W.  IV,  1418  no.  279. 
*"  Briinnow,  Arabia,  III,  p.  303- 
**  So  Stech,  Senatores  Romani,  p.  71,  881. 
*'Hist.  Eccl.  Ill,  22,,  3  and  6. 
*^  Die  Leg.  p.  242. 

*"  G.  J.  V.  I,  p.  645,  6.    Schurer  and  Liebenam  date  him  before  Falco, 
governor  from  107. 
""  Prosop.  I,  353. 
•^^P.-W.  Ill,  2677. 

18 


\        ''        9 


I) 


\ 


Brunnow,^^  assert  that,  as  there  was  no  consular  governor  of 
Judaea  at  this  time,  Atticus  must  have  been  governor  of 
Syria.     This  I  do  not  believe. 

In  the  first  place  it  was  Symeon,  bishop  of  Jerusalem,  who 
was  put  to  death.  It  is  difficult  to  see  what  a  governor  of 
Syria  would  have  to  do  with  affairs  at  Jerusalem  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Judaea,  quite  distinct  from  Syria.  Then  too  the  only 
dates  given  for  this  event  are  105  and  107.^^^  But  we  have 
seen  that  Palma  is  pretty  certainly  established  as  governor  of 
Syria  in  this  time.  Briinnow,  who  thinks  that  Palma  was 
governor  through  108,  without  any  justification  simply  puts 
Atticus  after  him,  though  not  with  certainty.^*  Again  con- 
sular legates  in  Palestine  during  the  period  before  the  great 
rebellion  circa  133,^''  are  not  entirely  unknown.  Lusius 
Quietus"^^  governor  about  117,  had  been  consul,  and  so  per- 
haps had  Falco,'^^  governor  before  no.  Furthermore  Judaea, 
after  the  rebellion  was  made  a  consular  province.^^  Eusebius 
might  very  easily  have  made  a  mistake  and  called  a  praetorian 
governor,  who  came  not  so  very  long  before  the  change,  a 
consular.  And  Eusebius,  writing,  as  he  did,  after  325,  when 
the  term  "consular"  had  lost  the  restricted  meaning  which  it 
had  in  earlier  days,^^  could  have  used  the  word  loosely  to 
mean  governor  only.  There  seems  then  to  be  no  compelling 
reason  for  assigning  Atticus  to  Syria. 

A.  Larcius  A.  f.  Quirina  Priscus 

(i)  A.  E.  (1908),  237;  I.  O.  M.  A.  Larcius  A.  f.  Quir. 
Priscus,  sevirum,  decemvirum  (sic)  stilitib.  iudicandis,  quaes- 
tor provinciae  Asiae,  legatus  Augusti.  leg.  IIII  Scythicae,  pro 
legato  consulare  provinc.  Syriae,  tribunus  plebei,  praetor,  leg. 
provinciae  Hispaniae  Baeticae,  praefectus  frumenti  dandi, 
legatus  Angus,  legionis  II.  Aug.,  legatus  Aug.  propr.  exercitus 
Af ricae ;  V.  S.  L. 

Cf.  C.  I.  L.  VIII,  17891. 

"Arabia  III,  pp.  300  and  311. 
'^  Schurer  1.  c.  and  references. 
"^  Arabia  III,  pp.  287,  300  and  311. 

*  Schurer  op.  cit.  I,  p.  647fF. 
"*  Op.  cit.  p.  647,  9. 

"  Op.  cit.  p.  645,  7- 

*  Domaszewski,  Rangord,  p.  179. 
•^'P.-W.  IV,  ii39ff. 

19 


/ 


-^     '    i 


(2)   C.  1.  L.  VIII,  22382; 

Via .  [ 

Larcio  •  Prise [o 

Legato  •  August  • 

Pro.   Pr. 

While  legate  of  the  Fourth  Scythica,  though  not  yet  praetor, 
Priscus  was  ''pro  legato  consulare  provinc.  Syriae"  i.e.  acting 
governor  of  Syria,  (i).  Mommsen's  view,*'^  that  he  belongs 
to  Hadrian's  time,  based  on  the  expression  "leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr. 
exercitus  provinciae  Afric,"  is  shown  not  conclusive  by  Pallu 
de  Lessert,*^^  who  proves  that  the  governorship  of  Numidia 
probably  falls  after  105,  and  before  172.  Ritterling^-  would 
make  Priscus  legate  of  Syria  at  the  time  of  the  defeat  of 
Attidius  Cornelianus  in  162.  But  if  an  argument  may  be  prop- 
erly based  on  the  evidence  of  the  style  and  form  of  an 
inscription,  the  broken  milliarium  of  Priscus  (2)  should  be 
dated  early  in  the  second  century.*^"^  In  general,  an  exami- 
nation of  the  milliaria  of  C.  I.  L.  VIII  shows  that  the  inscrip- 
tion of  Priscus  best  agrees  with  those  of  Trajan's  time  or 
earlier,  while  after  Hadrian,  the  legate's  name  does  not  appear 
in  nearly  so  prominent  a  form.*'*  Perhaps  Priscus  was  acting 
governor  when  Palma  subdued  Arabia.^"' 

Unknown  108/115? 

C.  I.  L.  Ill,  14387  d.  -]b.  m[— ]r.  prov[-]  praet  •  i  [— ] 
leg.  Ill  G[all]  propr.  pr[— ]  o.  inter  c[— ]  Nerva  Traiano 
[ — ab  e]od.  Imp.  Parth[ico  bello-]  donis  militarib.  do[nato — 
Tr]aiani  Aug.  Germ.  Da[cici  prov — ]  item  leg.  propr.  eius 
[provinciae]  Syriae  [posuit?]    (Baalbek). 

The  inscription,  in  the  ascending  order,  commemorates  a  man 

*•  E.  E.  V,  696. 

"^  Pastes  Prov.  Afr.  I,  p.  458ff. 

•'Rh.  M.  LIX  (1904),  p.  i88ff.  So  too  v.  Premerstein  in  KHo  XIII 
(I9i3)»  P-  79»  n-  I-  He  would  identify  Priscus  with  the  governor  men- 
tioned in  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  6715;  but  he  overlooks  the  fact  that  by  a  better 
reading  of  the  inscription  in  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  14177,  the  governor  is  shown  to 
be  Geminius  Marcianus  of  Arabia. 

^  Pallu  de  Lessert  shows  him  to  be  after  105. 

•*C  I.  L.  VIII,  22190,  10186,  22348.  A.  E.  (1907),  19.  VIII,  10048, 
22173,  10296,  10230.    A.  E.  (1904),  21.  VIII,  22629,  10238. 

**  Stech.,  Senatores  Romani,  p.  121,  1779,  thinks  him  son  of  A.  Larcius 
Lepidus,  and  senator  under  Trajan. 

JO 


,^ 


i 


concerned  in  the  Parthian  war,  at  the  earhest  in  114,^^  if  the 
restoration  in  the  Corpus  is  correct,  then  legate  apparently  of 
some  unknown  province,  then  legate  of  Syria  under  Trajan. 
But  there  is  hardly  time  for  these  offices  after  114  and  under 
Trajan.  Besides  Hadrian  was  the  Syrian  governor  in  117,  and 
quite  likely  earlier.^^  Trajan  was  "Optimus"  in  114,^'  and 
though  this  title  usually  appears  with  his  name,  we  do  not  find 
it  here.  Of  course  the  governorship  must  follow  that  of 
Palma.«^ 

Marinus 

I.  G.  R.  Ill,  1056,  p.  397»  1-  14/15;  —secundum  [vectigal]ia 
quae  locavit  antea  Marinus  praeses.'^  This  is  the  translation 
of  the  Palmyrene  part  of  the  inscription  which  alone  has  the 
line  on  Marinus.  In  the  original,  the  Greek  word  riycfiutvy 
here  rendered  ''praeses,"  is  simply  transliterated. 

This  title,  as  the  editors  observe,^^  probably  denotes  a  gov- 
ernor or  procurator.  The  word  i^yc/^wv,  however,  seems  never 
to  have  been  used  as  the  title  of  an  ordinary  procurator.  In 
Josephus  there  are  cases  of  its  use  for  the  procurator  of  Ju- 
daea, who  was  however  practically  a  governor,  even  command- 
ing troops.'^^  In  the  third  century  it  is  found  as  part  of  the 
title  of  a  proc.  vice  praesidis.^^ 

To  denote  a  regular  governor  it  is  often  used.  In  Egypt'* 
it  is  used  as  the  title  of  the  praefectus.  It  is  found  in  Gala- 
tia,*^^  in  Lycia  and  Pamphylia,'^  in  Thrace.^^  As  the  title  of 
a  consular  governor  we  find  it  in  connection  with  irpicrfievTrj':'^^ 

and  with  avTLO-Tparrjyo^.'^^ 

••Schiller  I,  p.  556. 

•^  See  below  under  Hadrian,  p.  22. 

*Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  107.    And  see  below  under  Hadrian  p.  22. 

••See  p.  18. 

»*Cf.  Zschr.  Deutsch.  Morg.  Ges.  XLII  (1884),  p.  3^7,  iS;  Sitz.  Berl. 

Ak.   (1884),  p.  430. 
"  I.  G.  R.  HI,  p.  402. 
"D.  Magie,  De  Vocabulis  Sollemnibus,  p.  107,  ref.  to  Jos.  Ant.  XVHI, 

25  and  55. 
"C  I.  G.  2059;  I.  G.  R.  I,  10. 
^*I.  G.  R.  I,  1057,  1098,  1154,  1175. 
"  I.  G.  R.  HI,  154. 
^M.  G.  R.  Ill,  342,  495.  668,  706. 
"  Liebenam   p.   391^- 
"I.   G.   R.   Ill,   174. 
"Wadd.   1842  a. 

21 


^       i 


In  literature  we  find  the  term  frequently  used  for  governors 
in  general,  from  Josephus  to  Dio  Cassius,  who  uses  apx^iv  most 
frequently.®^  It  seems  reasonable  then  to  conclude  that  Ma- 
rinus  was  probably  governor.  It  may  be  of  significance  also  to 
note  that  in  this  inscription,  where  some  regulation  has  been 
made,  it  was  made  in  each  case  by  an  important  person  of 
consular  rank,  as  Germanicus  and  Corbulo. 

Since  the  inscription  is  dated  in  137,  of  course  Marinus  must 
have  been  governor  previously.  We  know  a  Marinus  who  held 
high  office  early  in  the  second  century,  L.  lulius  Marinus  con- 
sul in  loi.®'  Before  that  he  had  been  trib.  mil.  in  the  fourth 
Scythica  in  Syria,  and  governor  of  Lycia  and  Pamphylia.®^ 
Perhaps  he  was  this  Syrian  governor.  We  may  also  think  of 
his  father,  proconsul  of  Pontus  and  Bithynia,"''  and  probably 
legate  in  Moesia  Inferior  in  97.®* 

P.  Aelius  P.  f.  Serg.  Hadrianus  115-117 

( 1 )  Vita  Hadriani  4,  i ; usus  Plotinae  quoque  f avore 

(Hadrianus)  cuius  studio  etiam  legatus  expeditionis  Parthicae 
tempore  destinatus  est. 

(2)  Dio  Cassius  LXIX,  i,  i  ;  *A8piavos  8c rrj  t€  2vpm  cVt 

TO)   HapdLKtZ  VoXifJLU)  7rpO(T€Td\6r]. 

(3)  Dio  Cassius  LXVIII,  33,  I  ;  Tpatavos avro^  fX€V  €s  Tr]V 

'IraXiav  wpfir)(T€  ttXciv,  IlovTrAtov  8c  AiAtov  *A8ptav6v  cV  ry   2v/ota  Karl- 
Atirc  /LtcToi  Tov  arpaTOV. 

(4)  Die  Cassius  LXIX,  2,  I  ;  ^v  Sk,  ore  avriyoptvdr]  avTOKpariop, 
*A8ptav6s  CV  rrj  ixrjrpoTroXcL  Svptas  *AvTioxcia,  ^5  VPX^^- 

(5)  Vita  Hadriani  4,  6;  Quintum  Iduum  August,  diem  lega- 
tus Syriae  (Hadrianus)  litteras  adoptionis  accepit. 

Consul  suff.  in  108. 

That  Hadrian  was  governor  of  Syria  in  117,  when  Trajan 
left  the  East,  is  doubted  by  no  one   (3),   (4),®'   (5).     Many 

^'Jos,  B.  J.  I,  20,  4;  VII,  7,   i;  Ant.  XVI,  8,  6;  XIX,  7.  2.     Dio 
Chrys.,  Or.  46,  cap.   14;  Or.  43,  cap.   11.     Plutarch,  Galba  6;  20;  22. 
Appian,  B.  C.  V,  137;  I44;  Syr.  51.    Lucian,  De  Morte  Per.  14;  Lucius 
26.    Aristides  XLII,  533  (p.  789  Dindorf). 
^  Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  18. 
C  I.  L.  IX,  4965.    A.  E.  (1899),  175. 
€.  I.  L.  IX,  4965. 

"A.  E.    (1913),   179. 
Cf.  Zonaras  XI,  22B,  and  23. 

22 


83 
83 


8S 


} 


I 


however  think  that  only  at  that  time  was  he  appointed  gover- 
nor, while  before  that  he  was  a  legatus  and  comes  of  Trajan 
in  the  war.*^*^  But  Dio  does  not  necessarily  imply  that  Hadrian 
was  made  governor  so  late.  In  fact  a  fair  interpretation  of 
his  words  in  (2)  would  seem  to  me  to  show  that  Hadrian 
began  to  govern  at  the  opening  of  the  Parthian  campaigns. 
This  is  the  view  of  Liebenam,®^  and  v.  Rohden'^  admits  that  it 
is  possible.  The  statement  in  the  Vita  (i)  may  mean  that 
Hadrian  was  appointed  governor.  The  term  ''legatus"  is  often 
so  used  in  these  lives,'^  while  ''comes"  in  late  times  is  very 
generally  used  to  denote  legates  of  the  emperor  when  he  took 
the  field.  Trajan  undoubtedly  needed  an  able  man  whom  he 
could  trust,  to  take  charge  of  Syria,  especially  at  Antioch, 
his  base^^  for  the  campaign  of  invasion.  Hadrian  was  surely  a 
man  for  the  place.  His  holding  this  office  would  well  explain 
the  fact  that  he  does  not  appear  in  the  actual  fighting,  though 
many  other  legates  are  named.^^  I  am  inclined  then  to  date 
the  beginning  of  his  term  at  the  time  of  the  beginning  of  the 


war. 


92     an«l     93 


f^e 


87 


88 


89 


90 


Schiller  I,  p.  603.  G.  W.  Weber,  Die  Adopt.  Kais.  Hadr.,  p.  25. 
Dierauer,  in  Biidinger  Untersuch.,  p.  I59-  E.  Groag,  M.  R.  I.  XIV 
(1899),  p.  276. 

Die  Leg.  pp.  27S,  and  379. 

P.-W.  I,  499. 

Pesc.  Niger  6;  L.  Verus  9;  Alex.  Sev.  52. 

Schiller  I,  p.  556. 
''  Op.  cit.  p.  557ff. 
"^The  old  view  was  that  the  war  began  in  114  (Dierauer,  in  Biidinger 

Untersuch.,  p.  160.     Schiller  I,  p.  556). 

''•'Mommsen  (R.  G.  V,  398  and  note  i)  puts  the  beginning  in  115. 
He  is  followed  by  Dittenberger  (Or.  Gr.  Inscr.  II,  p.  221,  n.  17)   and 

Niese  (R.  G.'  p.  206). 

Boissevain  (ed.  of  Dio  Cassius,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  209  and  notes)  thinks 
Mommsen  wrong— incorrectly,  I  believe— because  Xiphilinus  says  that 
Trajan  was  granted  the  title  "Optimus"  after  the  Armenian  campaign; 
a  title  granted  by  Sep.  i,  114.  But  Xiphilinus  is  incorrect  in  connecting 
the  tide  with  the  campaign,  for  it  seems  clear  that  Trajan  was  given 
the  tide  by  the  end  of  113  (C.  I.  L.  Ill,  15021  =  J.  O.  A.  I.  XI  (1908) 
Beiblatt  p.  71,  fig.  49).  And  in  any  case  Trajan  had  the  title  before  he 
left  Rome  for  the  East.  Coins  in  Cohen  (II,  p.  21,  no.  40;  cf.  no.  307) 
read;  Imp.  Traiano  Optimo  Aug.  Ger.  Dae.  P.  M.  Tr.  P./Augusti 
Protectio,  plainly  referring  to  Trajan's  departure. 


23 


[Sex.  Erucius  Clarus] 

Liebenam'^*  inserts  Clarus  in  his  list  as  governor  of  Syria  in 
ii6,  but  without  any  reason  except  that  he  was  a  legate  of 
Trajan  in  the  Parthian  war.  Worse  still  Liebenam  contra- 
dicts himself  by  making  Hadrian's  term,^'  114-117,  cover  this 
same  period. 

L.  Catilius  Severus  lulianus  Claudius  Reginus  117-119 

(i)  R.  E.  A.  XV  (1913),  p.  270: 

L.   Cat[i]lio.   C[n.   f.   Cla]u.   Sev[e]ro   I[u]lia[no]    Claudio 

Reg[i]no  co[s  II   pr]o  cos.   provin[c.]    Af[ri]cae r. 

p  .  .  et  .  .  1.  [l]eg.  Aug.  [pro  praet.]  pro[v.  Syriae.  l]eg. 
Aug.  pr[o]  pr.  Arm[eniae  m]aior[is  e]t  M[in]or[is]  et 
Ca[p]padoci[ae  pjraef.  aer[a]r.   m[ilitar.]    leg.   leg.   XX[II] 

Primi[g.  p.  f.  c]urato[ri le]g.  pro  pr.  [p]rov[i]n- 

c[iae]  Asiae  [VI  vir.  eq.  R.]  pr.  u]rb.  q]uaes[t.  prov.  As]iae 
d.  d.  [p.  p.].         , 

(2)  C.  I.  L.  X,  8291;  and  R.  E.  A.  XV  (1913),  p.  2J2\ 
L.]Catilio.  Cn.  f.  [Clau.]  [ Sever] o  luliano.  C.  R[egi]no,  cos. 

II.,  [prjocos.  provinc.  Afr[ic]ae,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  p[r.  provi]n- 
ciae  Syriae,  et  provinciae  Cappad[ociae]  et  Armeniae  Maior.  et 
Minor.,  VII  vir.  epu[lon.,  do]nis  militaribus  donato  a  Divo 
Tr[aiano]  etc. 

(3)  Vita  Hadriani  5,  10 ;  Quibus  (reliquiis  Traiani)  exceptis 
et  navi  Romam  dimissis  ipse  Antiochiam  regressus  praeposi- 
toque  Syriae  Catilio  Severo  per  Illyricum  Romam  venit. 

(4)  A.  E.  (1911),  95  =  B.  A.  R.  (1911),  p.  137; 

AT  VIII  K 

L.  Vips]tano  Messalla 

L.  Cat]ilio.  Severo 

no.  Cos. 

The  identification  of  L.  Catilius  Severus  with  C.  Atilius 
lulianus  Rufinus  has  recently  been  pretty  well  established  by 
A.  Merlin.^®  The  proof  is  based  largely  on  the  governorship 
of  Cappadocia  and  the  Armenias,  the  similarity  of  names,  and 
the  proconsulate  of  Africa.  It  is  remarkable  also  that,  of  the 
two  consulships  of  Rufinus,  neither  has  ever  been  satisfactorily 

•*  Die  Leg.  p.  380. 

•^  Op.  cit.  pp.  379,  and  278. 

"•R.  E.  A.  XV  (1913),  p.  268ff. 


\      > 


if 


) 


placed,®^  while  the  two  of  Severus  are  now  definitely  known. 
The  second  consulship  of  Catilius  Severus,  as  has  long  been 
known,  was  in  the  year  120.^^  A  recently  discovered  inscrip- 
tion (4)  places  him  as  consul  suffectus  to  Pedo  VergiHanus  f^ 
who  perished  in  office  during  the  earthquake  at  Antioch^^^  in 
115.  This  inscription,  which  has  been  overlooked  by  Merlin, 
also  shows  us  that  *Tulianus"  was  a  part  of  the  name  of 
Catilius  Severus,  and  thus  adds  proof  for  the  identification  of 
Rufinus  and  Severus.  In  the  last  line  I  would  read,  for 
".  .  .  .  no,"  "[Iulia]no."^^^ 

Since  Severus  held  the  consulship  in  115,  his  term  as  gov- 
ernor of  the  Armenias  and  Cappadocia  can  not  have  begun  in 
114  as  Merlin  suggests.  If  he  were  the  sole  governor  of  the 
short-lived  province,  as  seems  probable,  his  term  would  then 
have  begun  late  in  115,^^"  or  in  116,  after  his  consulship.    This 

"^  C.  I.  L.  X,  8291  identifies  him  with  L.  Cuspius  'Rufinus  cos.  of  142, 
and  suggests  that  he  then  held  his  second  consulship. 

^*  Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  20. 

**  Op.  cit.  p.  19. 

^•^  Dio  Cassius  LXVIir,  25,  i. 

*'*^The  fact  that  Liebenam  has  placed  the  governorship  of  Rufinus  in 
Cappadocia  and  the  Armenias  before  that  of  M.  Junius,  governor  of 
Cappadocia,  and  has  placed  his  term  in  Syria  even  before  that  of 
Hadrian  (he  is  followed  in  this  by  Briinnow,  Arabia  III  p.  300  and 
311),  might  seem  to  make  the  identification  of  Rufinus  and  Severus 
impossible,  since  they  are  thus  separated  in  time.  But  the  evidence 
at  hand,  even  before  the  publication  of  Merlin's  inscription,  proves 
Liebenam  incorrect.  M.  Junius  was  legate  of  Cappadocia  at  the  very 
beginning  of  Trajan's  eastern  campaign  (Dio  Cassius  LXVIII,  19). 
Rufinus,  preceding  Junius,  would  then  have  held  the  governorship 
of  Cappadocia  and  the  Armenias  before  the  actual  formation  of  the 
provinces,  which  was  accomplished  probably  in  115.  (See  below,  and 
note  103.)  This  is  of  course  impossible.  Then  Liebenam,  further, 
while  he  recognizes  that  the  Syrian  governorship  follows  that  of 
Cappadocia  and  the  Armenias  (Pallu  de  Lessert,  Pastes  Prov.  Afr.  J, 
183,  puts  that  of  Syria  before,  for  some  unknown  reason),  is  able 
to  date  the  former  before  the  governorship  of  Hadrian.  But  since, 
as  we  have  seen,  the  Cappadocian-Armenian  governorship  can  not 
have  begun  before  115,  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  Syrian  gov- 
ernorship must  follow  that  of  Hadrian  and  Catilius  Severus  his 
successor.  So,  even  on  the  basis  of  the  old  evidence  alone,  Severus  and 
Rufinus  are  brought  into  juxtaposition  in  their  governorship  of  Syria, 
and  there  is  then  no  chronological  barrier  to  their  identification. 

"'Fr.  Cumont,  Bull.  Ac.  Roy.  Belg.-Lettr.  (1905),  p.  208,  made 
Rufinus  governor  115-117. 


24 


25 


u 


would  accord  very  nicely  with  the  idea  of  Mommsen^^^  that  the 
Armenian  campaign  did  not  begin  before  115.  From  the  evi- 
dence of  the  Vita  (3)  we  should  naturally  conclude  that 
Severus  was  withdrawn  from  Armenia,  which  Hadrian  gave 
up/*^-^  and  was  put  over  Syria  in  the  fall  of  117.^°^  This  evi- 
dence supported,  as  it  is,  by  the  inscriptions,  leaves  no  room 
for  the  doubt,  expressed  by  Stech,^^®  that  Severus  was  ever 
governor  of  Syria.  Severus'  term  extended  very  likely 
through  part  of  119,^*^^  when  he  must  have  left  to  take  up  the 
consulship  in  120. 


C.  Publicius  Marcellus 


Circa  132 


C.  I.  G.  4034=1.  G.  R.  Ill,  175  ;  r.  1.  ^tovrjpov  -  -  -  -qyefiova 
Acyioivos  T€.TdpTr)<;  ^KvOiKrjs  kol  Stotxr^cravTa  rot  eV  Svpta  Trpay/xara,  rjvLKa 
T1ov/3\lklo<;  MapKcAAos  Sia  ttjv  KCLvrjCTLV  t[^]v  'lovSaiKrjv  fX€Ta/3€l3'qKiL 
d7r[oJ  2v/ot'a?,  avdiTrarov  *A^atttS,  Trpos  ttc^vJtc  pd/SBov;  Trc/uc^^cVra  eis 
BilOvvuiv  BiopOuiT-qv  kol  XoyicrTYjv  vtto  Oeov  'ASpLavov,  etC.  J  cf.  C.  I.  G. 

4033  =  Dittenberger.,  Or.  Gr.  Inscr.  II,  543=1.  G.  R.  Ill,  174. 

Consul  suff.  in  May,   120. 

Marcellus  was  governor  of  Syria  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
rebellion  of  the  Jews,  which  took  place,  at  least  to  any  serious 
extent,  in  132.^*^'^  As  leader  of  the  Syrian  legions,  he  went  into 
Judaea  to  the  assistance  of  the  governor  Rufus.^*'*'  How  long 
he  remained,  we  do  not  know,  but  quite  likely  until  the  end  of 
the  rebellion. 

C.  lulius  Severus"^  Circa  132 

(See  under  Publicius  Marcellus  for  inscriptions.) 
Severus  as  legate  of  IV  Scythica^^^  was  substitute  governor 
during  the  absence  of  Marcellus.    If  Dio^'-  is  correct  in  assign- 

***^  See  under  Hadrian  note  93. 

''"  Schiller  I,  p.  606. 

'•*W.  Weber,  Unters.  z.  Gesch.  d.  K.  Hadr.  p.  58. 

^"*  Senatores  Romani  p.  43,  302. 

*^^  Liebenam  p.  3S0. 

^"'Schurer,  G.  J.  V.  I,  p.  682.  Schiilz,  Leben  des  K.  Hadrian  p.  82 
and  note  235,  thinks  its  actual  beginning  was  in    130. 

^'*  Schiirer  of>.  cit.  p.  689.     Eusebius,  Hist.  Eccl.  IV,  6,  i. 

^'^  On  the  name  see  Dittenberger,  Or.  Gr.  Inscr.  II,  543  and  note   i. 

"Mt  is  noteworthy  that  the  only  other  "pro  legato  consulari"  of 
whom  we  have  any  detailed  information,  Larcius  Priscus,  was  also 
legate  of  the  IV  Scythica.  See  Ritterling  in  Rh.  M.  LIX  (1904)  p. 
i88ff. 

^'^LXIX,  u,  4. 

26 


ing  Severus'  mission  in  Bithynia  to  about  the  end  of  the  Jewish 
war,  he  must  have  left  Syria  during  that  war,  and  perhaps 
early,  since  he  was  appointed  proconsul  of  Achaia  between 
his  Syrian  and  Bithynian  positions.  Possibly  in  this  fact  there 
might  be  a  slight  indication  that  Publicius  Marcellus  had  re- 
turned to  Syria  before  the  end  of  the  war. 

Sex.  Minicius  Faustinus  CJ  lulius  C?  f.  Serg.  Severus 

135  or   136/138 

C.  I.  L.  Ill,  2830,  and  supp.  9891  ;  [Se]x.  M[i]nicio  Faus- 

tino    [C. ?]    I[uH]o    [C. ?   f]il.   Serg.    Severo    [v.   c] 

praetor.,  leg.  leg.  XIIII.  Gemin[ae,  l]eg.  pr.  pr.  Imp.  Traiani 
Hadria[n]i  Aug.  p[r]ovinciae  Dacia[e],  cos.,  leg.  pr.  p[r.] 
provinciae  Moesia[e]  Inferioris,  leg.  pr.  pr.  provinciae  Brit- 
taniae,  leg.  pr.  pr.  [pr]ovinciae  ludeae  [le]g.  pr.  pr.  [provi]n- 
ciae  Suriae,  huic  [senatus  a]uctore  [Imp.]  Caes.  [Tra]iano 
Hadrian  [o  Au]g.  ornamenta  triu[mp]halia  decrevit  ob  res  in 
[Iu]dea  prospere  ge[st]as.  [d.]  d. 

Consul  suff.  in  Oct.  127. 

From  the  fact  that  the  inscription  was  set  up  while  Hadrian 
was  still  alive  it  is  evident  that  the  governorship  of  Syria  must 
come  before  the  middle  of  138.^^^  From  the  form  of  the  last 
part,  where  the  mention  of  the  ''ornamenta"  follows  the  legate- 
ship  of  Syria,  it  is  a  fair  conclusion  that^  the  term  in  Syria 
came  very  soon  after  that  in  Judaea.  The  rebellion,  which 
Severus  put  down  in  Judaea,  lasted  well  into  134,  and  perhaps 
into  135."*  So  then  Severus  probably  became  governor  of 
Syria  in  135  or  136,  if  we  allow  some  little  time  after  the  end 
of  the  rebellion  for  settling  affairs  in  Judaea. 

L.  Burbuleius  L.  f.  Quir.  Optatus  Ligarianus 

Circa  145 

C.  I.  L.  X,  6006;  L.  Burbuleio  L.  f.  Quir.  Optato  Ligariano, 
COS.,  sodal.  Aug.,  leg.  Imperat.  Antonini  Aug.  Pii  pro  pr.  prov. 
Syriae,  in  quo  honor [e]  decessit,  leg.  eiusdem  et  Divi  Hadri- 
ani  pro  pr.  prov.  Cappad.,  cur.  oper.  locor.  q.  publ.,  praef.  aerar. 
Saturn.,  pro  cos.  Sicil.,  logiste  Syriae,  legat.  leg.  XVI.  Fl. 
Firm.  etc. 

"^Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  107. 

"*  Schiirer,  G.  J.  V.  I,  p.  695  ff.     W.  Weber,  Unters.  z.  Gesch.  d.  K. 
Hadr.    p.    2/6. 

27 


Consul  stiff,  anno  incert.  before  138. 

He  was  governor  of  Cappadocia  at  the  earliest  in  the  last 
part  of  137,  since  Fl.  Arrianus  was  still  governor  in  that 
year.^^"  It  seems  reasonable  to  suppose  that  he  went  from 
this  position  directly  to  that  of  legate  of  Syria.  If  there  is 
truth  in  the  statement  of  the  \'ita^^^  that  the  emperor  kept 
good  governors  in  their  positions  ''septenis  et  novenis  annis," 
perhaps  we  should  put  the  beginning  of  his  Syrian  term 
circa  145. 

Unknown  Circa  135/150 

Lucian,   De  Morte   Peregr.  cap.    14;   irXr^v  dXA'  6  Ilcptypivos 

d<f>€LOrj  VTTo  Tov  TOTt  Ttj'i  Svpttt?  ap)(^ovTo<:,  avSpo^  <f>L\o(To<f>La  xaLpouTO<;, 
05  (Tuvcls  Trjv  GLTTOVOLav  avTov  Koi  OTL  Sc'^atr'  av  dTroOavelv^  <Ls  66$av  irrl 
TOVTU)  aTToAcTTOt,  d(f>fJK€v  avTov  ovSc  Trj<i  KoAaaccDS  i'Tro\al3u)V  d^LOv. 

This  governor  of  Syria,  whose  name  is  not  given,  may  per- 
haps be  dated  very  roughly.  Peregrinus  cremated  himself  at 
the  Olympian  games  in  165  or  167.^^^  It  was  eight  or  twelve 
years  before  this  that  he  criticised  Herodes  Atticus  for  supply- 
ing water  to  Olympia,^^^  i.e.  159  (157)  or  155  (153).^^^  Now 
between  this  affair  and  his  adventures  in  Syria, ^'-'^  surely  ten 
years  must  have  elapsed.  A  "terminus  ante  quem"  for  the 
governor  then  would  be  150.  But  since  this  affair  was  among 
his  early  adventures^-^  and  he  was  an  old  man  when  he 
died,^-*-  the  event  might  fall  ten  or  fifteen  years  earlier.  The 
governor  is  probably  to  be  dated  between  135  and  150. 

Sulpicius  lulianus  149' 

(i)  B.  C.  H.  XXVI  (1902),  p.  165  =  A.  E.  (1903),  252; 
Imp.  T.  Aelio  [Ha]d[ri]ano  Antonino  Aug.  Pio  P.  P.  vexil. 

"'I.  G.  R.  Ill,  III.    Prosop.  I,  243. 

'^•Vita  Ant.  Pii  5. 

"^  Lucian,  De  Morte  Peregr.  36.  Eusebius,  ''Chron.  aus  dem  Armen." 
in  "Gk.  Schr.  der  erst.  3  Jahrh."  p.  222.  Xissen,  Rh.  M.  XLIII  (1888), 
p.  254. 

"'  Lucian,  op  cit.  19  and  20. 

*"  Schulthess,  Herodes  Atticus  pp.  18  and  i).  Frazer  (Paus.  vol.  IV, 
p.  74)   puts  the  completion  of  the  water  works  in  150  or  151. 

'^Lucian,  op.  cit.  T4-19. 

'""Op.  cit.  9-14- 

'""Op.  cit.S:  33  ■•  37. 

28 


leg.  nil  Scy[th.  et  leg.]  XVI  F.  F.,  su[b]  Sul[picio?J  luliano 
II  III  I  {||.     (Seleucia  Pieria.) 

(2)  Wadd.  2306  =  1.  G.  R.  Ill,  1274;  ---  [AvroK/jJaro/oo? 
KatVapos  [T.  AlXlov  AS/aiavJoi;  'AvTojvctVov  Se[/?ao'TOV',  tov  rjfxujv 
KJvpLOVj  Kttt  AvprjXiOv  ^Ovrjpov  KacVapo?,  vjtov  avTOV  Kal  Aot[7ra)v  avTov 
TCKVco^v   /cat  crvvTravTos  [otKor  Sc^acToO  Kttt  t^Js   tcpwrary^s   avyK\-q\^TOv 

'Pu)fxr]<;  KOL  Trj<s  rjy]€fJLOVLa<;  'Pa>p,at'(ov    [ €7rtj  'ATrtKt'oL'  'lovAtavov 

[ynaTiKOv  -  - 

Both  these  inscriptions  refer  to  governors  of  Syria,  during 
the  reign  of  Antoninus  Pius,  who  should,  I  have  no  doubt,  be 
identified.      We    have    in    (i),    Sul[picio?]    luliano;    in    (2) 

1.  9, cTTt]  AniKIOYIOYAIANOY.     Surely  the  A  in 

this  poorly  preserved  inscription  should  be  read  A,  and  the 
line  filled  out,  -  -  -  -  cVt  2oi;]A7rtKtov 'lovAtavov.  If  Waddington's 
idea,  that  his  inscriptions  2307  and  2306  belong  together,  is 
correct,  our  governor  is  to  be  dated  in  149. 

?M.  Cassius  Apollinaris? 

Mel.  Fac.  Or.  IV  (1909),  p.  543  =  A.  E.  (1909),  115; 
MK'ACAnOAYn  =  M.  Ka(7((rtov)  'A7roA(X£tvaptor)  v7r(aTcvovTo?    Of 

-aTLKOv). 

This  inscription,  found  in  such  a  position  that  it  could  not 
have  been  visible,  in  the  opinion  of  the  editors  was  cut  by 
soldiers  engaged  in  construction  work.  They  w'ould  naturally 
carve  the  name  of  their  commander,  the  governor  of  Syria. 
An  Apollinaris  was  consul  suffectus  in  150;^^^  but  it  does  not 
seem  at  all  probable  that,  as  such,  he  would  be  mentioned  in 
an  inscription  of  this  character  from  Syria.  It  is,  however, 
possible  that  he  is  here  referred  to  as  governor  of  Syria. 

D.  Velius  Fidus 

C.  I.  L.  Ill,  14387  e; 

D.  Velio  Fido  leg.  Aug.  pr (Baalbek). 

It  seems  probable  that  Fidus  is  here  mentioned  as  a  governor 
of  Syria.  It  is  reasonable,  wnth  the  editor  of  the  Corpus,  to 
identify  him  w'ith  Velius  Fidus,  a  pontifex  in  Rome  in  155,^^* 
for  most  of  the  inscriptions  found  with  this  one  are  of  the  first 
and  second  centuries. 


^  Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  22. 
^'C.  L  L.  VI,  2120. 


29 


[C.  lulius  Severus] 

Severus   was   not   a   governor   of   Syria   and    Palestina,   as 
Liebenam^-^  would  have  it,  but  of  Syria  Palestina. 


1  •_•»; 


[C.  lulius  Commodus  Orfitianus] 

On  this  governor  see  above,  p.  13,  under  L.  Ceionius  Com- 
modus, year  79/80. 

L.  Attidius  Cornelianus  156/ 157- 162 

(i)  C  I.  L.  Ill,  D.  CX;  [Imp.  Cae]s.,  Divi  Hadria[ni 
f.,  Divi  Traiani  Parthici]  n.,  Divi  Nervae  [pron.,  T.  Aei]ius 
Hadrianus  An[toninus  Aug.  Pius]  P.  M.,  Tr.  Pot.  XX.,  Imp. 

I  [I,  cos  III,  P.  P.] (troops)  sunt  in  Suria  sub  Attidio 

Corneliano   leg. a.    d.    IV no    C.    Aelio 

Se [cos.]. 

(2)  C  I.  L.  Ill,  6658;  Imp.  Caesari  Divi  Antonini  fil.,  Divi 
Hadriani  nep.,  Divi  Traiani  Parth.  pronep.,  Divi  Nervae 
abnep.,  L.  Aurelio  V'ero  Au[g.l,  Pontif.  Max.,  Trib.  Pt.  I[I], 
cos.  II.,  P.  P.,  coh.  I.  Fl.  Cha[l.]  eq.  sag.  sub  Attidio  Corne- 
liano leg.  Au[g.]  pr.  pr.  per  Aelium  Herculanum  prae[f.] 
(Near  Damascus). 

(3)  Vita  Ant.  Philos.  8,  6;  Fuit  eo  tempore  etiam  Parthicum 
bellum  quod  Vologessus,  paratum  sub  Pio,  Marci  et  Veri  tem- 
pore indixit,  fugato  Attidio  Corneliano  qui  Syriam  tunc 
administrabat. 

Consul  anno  incert.   150/157. 

Cornelianus  was  governor  of  Arabia  in  150.^-^  The  mili- 
tary diploma,  dated  in  the  twentieth  tribunician  power  of 
Antoninus  Pius  156/157  (i),  shows  that  he  was  governor  of 
Syria  by  Dec.  2,  157  at  the  latest.  Even  after  his  defeat  by 
the  Parthians  which  was  in  161,^-^  or  perhaps  early  in  162,^-* 
he  was  retained  as  governor,^"^*^  probably  until  the  arrival  of 


'^Die  Leg.  p.  3^2,  40. 
'^  Schiirer,  G.  J.  V.  I,  p.  643,  note  i. 
'"  Briinnow,  Arabia  III,  p.  2S7. 
^Schiller  I,  p.  639. 


^**C.  H.  Dodd,  N.  C.  (iQn),  P-  216.  E.  Ritterling,  Rh.  M.  LIX 
(1904),  p.  190,  n.  2. 

^**  Ritterling  (op.  cit.  p.  190)  assumes  that  Cornelianus  was  at  once 
recalled,  apparently  for  the  purpose  of  inserting  A.  Larcius  Priscus 
as  goyernor  at  this  point.     (On  Priscus  see  above,  p.  19.) 

30 


Verus  in  the  East.  This  is  shown  by  the  inscription  (2), 
dated  in  162,  and  set  up  in  honor  of  Verus  alone,  a  thing  which 
would  hardly  have  been  done  unless  word  had  already  come 
that  Verus  was  personally  to  oppose  the  Parthians.  This  plan 
was  doubtless  only  made  after  the  serious  defeat  of  the  Syrian 
legions. ^^^  It  may  perhaps  be  that  it  is  this  Cornelianus  who 
was  enrolled  in  a  priestly  college  in  190  A.D.,  and  who  died 
in  198/3- 

M.  Annius  M.  f.  Libo  Circa  162/163 

Vita  Veri  9,  2 ;  Verum  illud  praecipuum  quod  cum  Libonem 
quendam  patruelem  suum  Marcus  legatum  in  Syriam  misisset, 
atque  ille  se  insolentius  quam  verecundus  senator  efferet, 
dicens  ad  fratrem  suum  se  scripturum  esse,  si  quid  forte  du- 
bitaret,  nee  Verus  praesens  pati  posset,  subitoque  morbo  notis 
prope  veneni  exsistentibus  interisset,  visum  est  nonnullis,  non 
tamen  Marco,  quod  eius  fraude  putaretur  occisus. 

Libo  was  sent  out  probably  as  legate  of  Syria,  and  not  to 
serve  as  legate  or  comes  of  Verus,  with  whom  he  was  appar- 
ently not  on  good  terms.  This  is  the  opinion  of  Liebenam,^^^ 
while  E.  Ritterling' 3"*  doubts  if  he  was  governor.  Libo  may 
well  have  been  the  immediate  successor  of  Cornelianus  in  162 
or  early  163. 

Cn.  lulius  Cn.  fil.  Verus  164/165 

(i)  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  199;  Imp.  Caes.  M.  Aurel.  Antoninus  Aug, 
Armeniacus,  et  Imp.  Caes.  L.  Aurel.  Verus  Aug.  Armeniacus, 
viam  fluminis  vi  abruptam,  interciso  monte,  restituerunt  per 
lul.  Verum  leg.  pr.  pr.  provinc.  Syr.  et  amicum  suum.  Impen- 
dis  Abilenorum. 

(2)  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  8714;  Cn  lulio.  Cn.  fil.  Vero.  cos.  desig.  II, 
augur  (C.  I.  L.  Ill,  2^2,2)  leg.  A[ug.]  pr.  pr.  provinc.  Syriae, 
leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  provinc.  Brittaniae,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  provin- 
ciae  German.  Inferioris,  praef.  aerari  Saturni,  leg.  leg.  XXX 
Ulpiae,  praetor.,  tribu[no]  plebis,  etc. 

Consul  suff.  circa  150/155.     Consul  suff.  II,  after  164. 
That  the  two  inscriptions    (2)   belonged  together  was  first 


^'^  Stein,  P.-W.  HI,  i84iff. 

"'  C.  I.  L.  VI,  2004.     Liebenam  p.  383. 

'"^  Die  Leg.  p.  383. 

^^K.  W.  Z.  G.  K.  XXII   (1903).  2i4ff. 


31 


I 


\     4 


seen  by  Ritterling;^^"'  and  at  about  the  same  time,  by  Haver- 
field.'^^  The  identitication  has  supplied  a  great  deal  of  infor- 
mation about  Verus.  From  this  and  some  other  inscriptions  of 
Britain/"^"  Ritterling  calculated  that  \>rus  was  governor  of 
Germania  Inferior  circa  153-15/.  and  of  Britain  circa  157- 
160.'"'^  According  to  the  imperial  titles^''*-'  of  our  inscription 
(i),  Verus  held  the  governorship  of  Syria  between  the  end 
of  163  and  the  summer  of  165.  If  the  title  *'Armeniacus"  of 
Marcus  Aurelius  be  rightfully  assigned,  the  inscription  is 
most  reasonably  to  be  dated  at  the  earliest  in  the  middle 
of  164.'^^ 

Gaius  lulius'''  Avidius  Cassius  165-175 

(1)  Wadd.  2525=1.  G.  R.  Ill,  III3  ;  VTrcp  awrry/aias  kol  vUr)<i 
tC)V  KVpLwv  AvTOKpaTopwv  M.  AvprjXiov  'AvTOVCtVov  Kul  A.  At prjXiov 
Oirjpov  2c/3.,  ^aLvrjcTLOL  d<^u'pa>crav  cVt  'AoviSi'ov  KaacTLOv  -rrptafS.  2c^. 
avT.y    c^ecTTturos    'Eyvart'or    ^oiaKOv    CKarovrapxov    Aey.     y     TaXXLKrj<:. 

(Phaena). 

(2)  Wadd.  2112  =  1.  G.  R.  Ill,  I261  ;  v-n-lp  (Tu)Tr]pLa<:  tov  Kvpiov 
AvTOKpaTopo%  Kaiaapos  M.  Avpr]XLOv  'AvTwvetVor  :itPacrTov  kuI  tov 
(TvvTravTO^  olkov  koI  vclkt]^,  ctov?  IvBiKOiTovy  cTTt  'Aoit8iOv  Kaaaiov  tov 
XafXirpoTaTOv  VTraTLKOv .      (Nela). 

'^^"'K.  W.  Z.  G.  K.  XXII    (1903),  p.  2i4ff. 

'"^Ftoc.  Soc.  Ant.  Scot.  XXXVIll    (1904),  P-  454ff. 

^"A.  E.   (1903),  3^;   (1904),  229. 

'^  Haver  held  (op  cit.)  gives  a  new  inscription  of  the  year  158,  during 
Verus'  term  in  Britain.  Very  probably  he  is  also  commenorated  in 
C.    I.  L.  VII,  967. 

'"^Liebenam,  Fasti  p.   108. 

i^op.W.    Ill,    1840,    1846   and   2294.     C.    H.    Dodd    in    X.    C.    (i9h)» 

pp.  217,  223,  and  235.  • 

'''  The  name  in  the  inscriptions  and  in  literature  appears  simi^y  as 
"Avidius  Cassius."  Wilcken.  Gk.  Ostr.  II,  939,  gives  the  praenomen 
"Gains.''  That  this  is  correct  is  rendered  probable  by  the  fact  that 
Cassius'  father's  praenomen  was  also  '*Gaius."  (C.  I.  L.  Ill,  6025; 
Dio  Cassius  LXXI,  22;  Prosop.  I,  186,  1165.)  A  papyrus  (5,)  gives 
the  name  "lulius"  without  "Gaius."  It  refers  to  Cassius  as  emperor, 
during  his  revolt.  If  the  name  is  correctly  given,  it  may  have  been 
part  of  his  name  originally,  or  perhaps  it  was  added  at  the  time  of  his 
revolt.  Cassius  seems  to  have  hoped  for  support  on  the  ground  that 
he  was  more  fitted  than  Marcus  to  rule  during  those  warlike  times 
(Schiller  I,  p.  658),  and  what  more  natural  than  that  he  should  have 
assumed  as  his  name  that  of  the  great  Dictator? 

32 


r 


Other  inscriptions  dating  between  (i)  and  (2)  ;  1.  G.  R.  Ill, 
II 14;  1 179;  1270;  1226;  1261.  A.  A.  E.  S.  Ill,  no.  381; 
P.  A.  E.  S.  Ill,  A,  2,  p.  91,  no.  155. 

(3)  Dio  Cassius  LXXI,  2,  2  ;  6  ovv  Aovklos  iXOiov  es  'Avridxciav 
Kttt  ttAcicttovs  (TTpaTHJira%  cruAAc^as,  koI  rov'i  apL(TTOv<i  twv  lyyc/otdvwv 
v(t>*  cavrov  c^tov,  avro?  /xcv  cv  rrj  TrdXct  €Kd6r]T0  StaraTToJv  €Ka(TTa  kol  tol? 
TOV  TToXc/xov  \op-qyLa<i  dOpot^wv,  K.acraLw  8c  ra  o-rpartvpAxra  iTrirptxj/tv. 

(4)  P.  A.  E.  S.  Ill,  A,  5,  666;  F(ines)  M(arci)  Herp(i) : 
iusso  (A)vidi  C(a)ssi  co(n)s(ularis)  per  F(a)(v)onium 
Priorem  pr(a)efectuiTi. 

(5)  Bull.  Inst.  Egypt  VIIJ(i896),  p.  123;  L  a  AvroK/oaro/aos 

KatVapos    \ovXlov    AovlSlov  Kao"tbv  ttq^wv  oySwrj. 

Consul  suft.  in  May  161/168  surely;  probably  161/164.^"*- 

The  inscriptions  record  Avidius  Cassius  as  governor  of  Syria 
from  early  169  (i),  at  the  latest,  to  171/172  (2).  It  seems 
probable  however  that  he  w^as  governor  earlier,  w^hile  com- 
mander in  the  Parthian  war. 

Now  this  Eastern  war  had  tw^o  quite  distinct  phases.  In 
163  Armenia  was  conquered  under  the  leadership  of  Statins 
Priscus,  governor  of  Cappadocia.^*^  In  164  while  Armenian 
affairs  were  doubtless  being  organized,  there  w^as  little  fighting. 
This  was  the  bellum  Armeniacum.^'*^  Then  in  165  V^erus  and 
Marcus  became  Imp.  Ill,  and  Verus  took  the  title  Parthicus 
Maximus.^*'^  In  this  year  falls  the  serious  fighting  w^ith  the 
Parthians.  To  this  no  doubt  Dio  Cassius  refers  (3),  as 
Dodd  w^ell  says.^^*^  Mommsen  very  reasonably  makes  Cassius 
governor  of  Syria  wdiile  in  command  of  the  w^ar.^*^  It  seems 
very  probable  also  that,  since  the  first  stage  was  under  a  gov- 
ernor's direction,  the  second  stage  should  be  managed  similarly. 
In  both  cases  then,  the  regular  and  natural  commander  of  the 
region  would  be  chief  commander  in  the  war,  under  Verus. 

Ritterling^**^  has  attempted  to  show  that  Cassius  was  gov- 
ernor of  Arabia  during  the  war.  To  this  end  he  has  assumed 
that  Cassius  was  consul  only  shortly  before  166,  although,  as 

'*'C.  I.  L.  Ill,  D.  47.     Prosop.  I,  186,  1 165. 
'^'C.  I.  L.  VI,  1523. 

^*"  Schiller  I,  p.  640  and  n.  3.     P.-W.  I,  2293/4.     Dodd,  N.  C.   (1911), 
pp.  234  and  256. 

'■*'  Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  108. 
'**N.  C.   (191 1 ),  p.  254. 
'*'  R.  G.  V,  406. 
^**Rh.  M.  LIX  (1904),  p.  194. 

33 


^.♦ 


a  matter  of  fact,  he  may  as  well  have  been  consul  in  i6i.  He 
then  proceeds  to  support  his  view  by  an  appeal  to  a  passage 
in  Lucian,^-*^  where  Cassius  is  mentioned  in  connection  with  a 
third  legion,  which  Ritterling  believes  to  be  the  Third  Cyrenaica. 
At  the  same  time  he  has  omitted  to  mention  the  passage  in  Dio 
Cassius  (3),  which  shows  that  Cassius  was  chief  commander 
in  the  war.  It  is  absurd  to  think  of  Cassius,  evidently  the  chief 
general  under  Verus,  as  legate  of  Arabia  in  this  period.  More- 
over if  it  be  true,  as  has  been  suggested  by  Stout,'''^'  that  Cas- 
sius was  governor  of  Moesia  Superior  in  the  early  sixties,  he 
can  not  have  been  governor  of  Arabia. 

v.  Premerstein,'-'^  in  tracing  the  career  of  Cassius,  following 
Ritterling  in  part,  has  concluded  likewise  that  Cassius,  consul 
only  shortly  before  166,  can  not  have  been  governor  of  Syria 
during  the  war.  He  believes  that  Cassius  was  at  that  time 
leg.  legionis,  probably  of  the  Third  Gallica.^'-  The  \lta  shows,'^^ 
he  thinks,  that  Cassius  may  well  have  been  a  dux  exercitus 
around  168  in  Lower  Pannonia ;  but  only  at  the  end  of  168 
or  at  the  beginning  of  169  can  he  have  reached  the  position  of 
governor  of  Syria.  It  seems  to  me  that  the  statements  of  v. 
Premerstein  are  based  on  scant  evidence.  He  assumes,  as  does 
Ritterling,  that  Cassius  was  consul  only  shortly  before  166, 
and  fails  to  take  into  account  the  very  important  passage  in 

Dio  Cassius  (3). 

Domaszewski,'''^  from  the  evidence  of  a  newly  discovered 
inscription  (4),  supposes  Cassius  to  have  been  governor  of 
Arabia,  under  Antoninus  Pius.  There  is  little  basis  for  this 
view.  The  provenience  of  the  inscription  is  by  no  means  surely 
Arabian  territory.  It  was  found  at  il-Kefr,^''  some  18  km.  to 
the  north  of  Bostra  in  territory  forming  the  borderland  be- 
tween Arabia  and  Syria.''*'  but  territory  which  at  the  time 
probably  belonged  to  Syria,  for  an  inscription  of  Martins 
Verus,  the  successor  of  Cassius  in  the  governorship  of  Syria, 


"•Quomodo   Historia— ,  3f- 
^'^^Govs.  of  Moesia  p.  2-. 
"^Klio  XIIT    (1913),  p.  78ff. 
^''^  Cf.  note   149. 
'''Cf.  note  150. 
^=^R.  G.  K.   (1909),  p.  36. 
*»P.  A.  E.  S.  Ill,  A,  5,  666. 
'"•Rriinnow,  Arabia  III,  p.  266. 


34 


has  been  found  there. ^^^  Moreover  the  title  consularis,  while 
by  exception  it  is  applied  to  praetorian  governors,  properly  be- 
longs to  the  governor  of  a  consular  province.  Then  too  it  may 
be  here  an  evidence  of  the  mains  imperium  of  Cassius. ^^^ 
It  seems  rather  strange  however  that  the  mains  imperium  of 
the  Syrian  governor  should  override  the  powers  of  the  regular 
Arabian  governor  in  so  simple  a  matter  as  the  fixing  of  a 
boundary  stone,  and  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  it  was  placed 
under  the  direction  of  Cassius  governor  of  Syria. 

That  Cassius  held  a  mains  imperium  over  the  *'Oriens," 
during  the  time  of  his  governorship  in  Syria,  has  long  been 
recognized. ^^^  At  what  time  he  received  it,  however,  is  not 
known ;  but  surely  at  the  earliest  on  the  withdrawal  of  Verus 
from  the  East  in  the  middle  of  166.^^^  The  earliest  date,  at 
which  we  can  be  reasonably  sure  that  he  held  it,  is  169. 
This  is  shown  by  an  inscription  of  that  year  found  at  Salkhad 
in  territory  regularly  assigned  to  Arabia. '^^  In  Zonaras^^-  and 
in  the  epitome  of  Dio  by  Xiphilinus,^^^  the  statement  that 
Cassius  received  mains  imperium  follow^s  after  the  account 
of  the  death  of  V^erus,  which  occurred  very  early  in  169.^^* 
Marcus  then  no  longer  had  a  Verus  to  send  to  the  East  in  case 
trouble  again  broke  out.  He  felt,  no  doubt,  that  he  must  be 
fully  relieved  of  Eastern  affairs  in  order  to  carry  on  properly 
the  war  in  the  North. ^^^  It  seems  quite  reasonable  then  to 
infer  that  soon  after  the  death  of  Verus,  Cassius  was  put  in 
control  in  the  East.  We  see  him  exercising  this  power  in 
putting  down  a  rebellion  in  Egypt  in  172.^*^^ 

In  175  Cassius  revolted.  It  is  now  possible,  with  the  help  of 
the  only  dated  document  of  his  reign,  to  place  his  revolt  a  little 


1S8 

t59 


'"  See  below  p.  36  —  and    ( i ) . 

See   ref.   under  note   155 ;   also   Pt.  2,  p.  92. 

E.  Xapp,  De  Rebus  Imp.  M.  Aurel.  Ant.  p.  38ff.     G.  Wolffgramm, 
Des  Avid.  Cassius  Stellung  im  Orient,  Philol.  XLII  (1884),  P-  i86ff. 

^""Mommsen,  R.  G.  V,  p.  407.     P.-W.  Ill,  1844.    Dodd,  X.  C.  (1911), 
p.  259. 

^•^P.  A.  E.  S.  Ill,  A,  2,  p.  91,  155.    x\s  this  is  the  only  inscription  of 
Cassius   found  apparently  in   Arabia  it  may  prove  to  be  evidence  not 
of  his  mains  imperium,  but  for  the  assigning  of  Salkhad  to  Syria. 
^*«XII,  2,  D. 

P>oissevain  ed.  of  Dio,  vol.  Ill,  p.  660  rrr  Dio  Cassius  LXXI,  3,  i. 
Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  108. 
Schiller  I,  p.  647. 
''"'P.-W.  I,  2298. 

35 


163 


1»4 


1(H 


%♦ 


If    ! 

ii 


earlier  than  has  formerly  been  done.^*^'  The  papyrus  (5)  is 
dated  May  3,  175  in  the  first  year  of  Avidius  Cassius,  Now 
Wilcken  has  shown/*'^  from  dates  of  papyri  and  ostraka,  that 
the  news  of  a  change  of  emperors  was  often  unknown  for 
months  in  the  inland  cities  of  Egypt.  On  that  evidence  it  is 
then  safe  to  assume  that  Cassius  had  been  recognized  at  Alex- 
andria at  least  a  month  and  a  half  earlier. '•'^  We  may  then  date 
the  beginning  of  the  revolt  in  Syria  late  in  March  or  early  in 
April.  According  to  Dio,  the  revolt  of  Cassius  lasted  three 
months  and  six  days.^^^  Hence  it  must  have  ended  in  all 
probability  early  in  July.  That  this  conclusion  is  true  is  made 
probable  by  the  fact  that  we  find  Marcus  Aurelius  again  rec- 
ognized as  emperor  on  a  papyrus^ '^  from  the  Fayum,  dated 
Aug.  2Z,  175. 


P.  Martius  Verus 


175-178 


(1)  I.  G.  R.  Ill,  1290;  AvTOKpaTopaL  KaL(T[apaL  M.  AvprjXQu} 
AyT(i)V€LVO}L  K[at  A.  AvprjXiio  Ko/x/aoSo)]  2c)S.  rot?  Ki'/3to[ts  inl  Mapn'ov 
Ovjrjpov  irpta^.  ^ejS.  av\^TLcrTpaTyyov,  e</)C(7TojTos]  Xlcrovcrtov   Ev8r//>tov. 

....  (il-Kefr.) 

(2)  I.  G.  R.  Ill,  1 195)  TL'T€p  (TuirrjpLa<i  kol  vi'kt;?  t<Lv  Kvptwv 
AvTOKpaTopwv  M.  AvprjXLOv  Avrmvtivov  kol  A,  AvprjXiov  [Ko/x/xdSovl 
VLOV  avTov  2c/3[a]crTa)v,  iirl  Mapriov  Oi-qpov  Trpc'cr^.  2c/?.  avTLarp.y 
c^ctrTWTos     IIcTOVcrtov    KvSrjfxov    iKarovrap^ov    Xcyt.    ts'    <I>A.    ^ip. 

(Schuhba). 

Dio  Cassius  LXXI,  29,  2  ;  Xeycrat  8c  Koi  oTi  Oirjpo^  c?  t^v 
^vpCav,  rj^  KOL  Trjv  ap)(rjv  cAaySc,  7rp07rc/i,<^^ct's,  Kal  tvpwv  avTo.  (ra  ypap.- 
fjLaTo)  €v  TOts  aK€V€(n  Tov  Katrct'ov  i^^avtcrcv,  ciVtov  ort  pLoXicrTa  /xcv 
€K€LVio  TOVT  ccTTat  K£)(apL<Tp.€vov,  uv  8c  Kttt  \a\t7r7]vr)  TLy  dfxitvov  yt  carat 
€va  iavTov  avrl  iroWwv  aTroAcV^at. 

^^  Schiller  I,  p.  657  ff.,  dates  the  end  in  the  fall  of  175.  v.  Arnim  in 
P.-W.  I,  2300,  dates  the  beginning  at  the  end  of  April  or  the  first  part 
of  May.     See  Appendix,  I,  p.  94. 

'•*  Gk.  Ostr.  I,  p.  8ooff. 

^"*  There  is  an  ostrakon  from  Thebes  dated  May  10,  175  under 
Marcus  Aurelius;  but  this  does  not  at  all  prevent  the  assignment  of  the 
revolt  of  Cassius  to  a  date  a  month  and  a  half  earlier  than  his  dated 
papyrus.     See  above,  and  n.  168. 

"'LXXI,  27. 

^^  B.  G.  U.  I,  127,  1.  5.  cf.  no.  55,  1.  21.  The  evidence  from  Fayum 
no.  SZ2  is  uncertain.     See  Appendix,  II,  p.  94. 

36 


Consul  suff.  in  March,  166.    Consul  ord.  II  in  179. 

Martius  \'erus  was  no  doubt  the  successor  of  Cassius  in 
Syria.  The  inscriptions  (i),  (2),  to  be  sure,  can  hardly  be 
placed  earlier  than  177,  since  Commodus  is  already  Augus- 
tus ;^^-  but  the  passage  in  Dio  (3)  seems  to  me  to  fix  Verus 
in  175.  The  finding  and  destroying  of  the  letters  of  Cassius 
would  naturally  take  place  soon  after  Cassius'  revolt,  and  not 
after  the  lapse  of  some  years  during  which  another  governor 
was  in  power/ '^  The  view  that  Verus  became  governor  in  175 
is  confirmed  by  a  new  inscription,  dated  in  175^'^  of  his  succes- 
sor in  Cappadocia,  C.  Arrius  Antoninus. ^'^  Verus  was  very 
probably  retained  in  Syria  through  178,  for  in  179  he  was  fur- 
ther rewarded,  for  his  loyalty  to  the  emperor  during  the  revolt 
of  Avidius  Cassius, ^'^  by  the  consulship. 

M.  Pontius  M.  f.  Pup.  Laelianus  Larcius   Sabinus 

178 — Circa  180 

(i)  C.  I.  L.  VI,  1497;  M.  Pontio  M.  f.  Pup.  Laeliano 
Larcio  Sabino,  cos.,  pontifici,  sodali  Antoniniano  Veriano, 
fetiali,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  prov.  Syriae,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  prov. 
Pannon.  Super.,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  Pannon.  Infer.,  comiti  Divi 
Veri  Aug.,  donato  donis  militarib.  bello  Armeniaco  et  Parthico 
ab  Imp.  Antonino  Aug.  et  a  Divo  Vero  Aug.  etc. 

(2)  Fronto,  ed.  Naber  p.  128,  Lib.  II,  i  ; — Milites  Antiochiae 
adsidue  plaudere  histrionibus  consueti,  saepius  in  nemore  vi- 
cinae  ganeae  quam  sub  signis  habiti  -  -  -  adeo  ut  vir  gravis 
et  veteris  disciplinae  Laelianus  Pontius  loricas  partim  eorum 
digitis  primoribus  scinderet  -  -  - 

Consul  ord.  in  163. 

Laelianus^'^  was  governor  of  Syria  under  Marcus  Aurelius, 

"^  Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  108. 

^"  In  I.  G.  R.  Ill,  1 195  and  1290,  he  is  properly  dated  in  175.  Liebe- 
nam p.  386,  is  surely  mistaken  in  suggesting  that  the  term  of  Pontius 
Laelianus  comes  between  Cassius  and  Verus.  Liebenam  is  followed 
by  Briinnow  Arabia  III,  p.  300,  who  makes  a  further  mistake  (p.  266, 
note)   in  stating  that  Martius  Verus  is  only  known  from  inscriptions. 

"*  A.  E  .(1910),  161.  Marcus  Aurelius  is  entitled  Germanicus  on  this 
stone ;  but  not  yet  Sarmaticus,  a  title  received  in  the  course  of  175. 
(Liebenam,   Fasti   p.    108.) 

^"  On  this  man  in  general  see   Prosop.   I,    139,  894. 

'''  Dio  Cassius  LXXI,  23,  3f?. 

Ritterling,  A.  E.  M.  XX   (1897),  p.  22  fT.,  tries  to  show  that  the 

37 


17T 


V  ll 


very  probably  after  the  death  of  \'erus  as  our  inscription 
shows^^^  (i).  Probably  at  once,  after  holding  the  consulship, 
he  went  to  the  East  as  comes  of  \^erus  during  the  *'bellum 
Armeniacum  et  Parthicum,"  163-166/'^.  It  is  to  this  period,  no 
doubt,  that  Fronto  refers  (2).  Now  an  allowance  of  only  one 
year  each  for  the  Pannonian  provinces,^ ^^  would  place  his 
governorship  of  Syria  not  earlier  than  the  middle  of  168. 
Since  however  this  brings  him  within  the  term  of  Avidius 
Cassius,  it  is  necessary  to  put  him^'''  after  Martins  Verus,  the 
immediate  successor  of  Cassius.  I  have  no  hesitation  in  dating 
him  as  the  successor  of  Verus,  for  he  was  surely  governor 
before  the  death  of  Marcus  Aurelius/®- 

P.  Helvius  Pertinax  Circa  180-182 

(i)  Vita  Pertinacis  2,  10;  Cassiano  moto  conposito  e  Syria 
ad  Danuvii  tutelam  profectus  est  atque  inde  Moesiae  utriusque, 
mox  Daciae  regimen  accepit.  Bene  gestis  his  provinciis  Syriam 
meruit. 

(2)  Op.  cit.  3,  I  ;  Integre  se  usque  ad  Syriae  regimen  Pertinax 
tenuit,  post  excessum  vero  Marci  pecuniae  studuit. 

Consul  suff.  probably  in  175.^''^ 

After  the  consulship  he  held  the  government  of  the  two 
Moesias,^^"*  then  of  Dacia,  and  finally  of  Syria  (i),  before  the 

Laelianus  of  our  inscription  (i)  is  the  governor  of  Pannonia  Sup.  in 
148/149.  He  supports  his  claim  by  two  incorrect  assumptions;  one,  that 
our  inscription  is  not  chronologically  arranged ;  the  other,  that  the 
governors  of  Syria  from  168  to  the  end  of  Marcus  Aurelius'  rule  are 
all  known,  so  that  Laelianus  must  come  before.  Stout's  view,  Govs,  of 
Moesia  p.  52,  is  preferable. 

"'"Imp.  Antoninus";  but  "Divus  Verus.'' 

See  p.  3S,  under  Avidius  Cassius,  also  Schiller  I,  p.  64off. 
Terms    of   governors   under   the    Antonines    were    regularly    long. 
Attidius    Cornelianus    and    Avidius    Cassius    in    Syria,    Martius    Verus 
in  Cappadocia  are  good  examples.     (See  also  Vita  Ant.  Pii  5.) 

^"  Liebenam  (p.  386  and  note),  who  incorrectly  places  this  gov- 
ernor between  Avidius  Cassius  and  Martius  Verus  (see  under  Verus 
note  173)  also  suggests  that  he  might  have  followed  lulius  Verus;  but 
this  view  is  certainly  incorrect  if  the  explanation  of  the  cursus  in  (i) 
be  at  all  correct. 

^*^  The  fact  that  Laelianus  is  called  sodalis  Antoninianus  et  Verianus, 
but  not  Marcianus,  is  also  good  evidence  that  he  was  back  at  Rome 
before  the  death  of  Marcus.     Cf.  Marq.  St.  V.  Ill,  p.  472. 

^^'P.-W.  V,  415. 

Stout,  Govs,  of  Moesia  p.  31.     Liebenam  p.  i02fT. 

38 


179 
180 


IM 


death  of  Marcus  Aurelius,  if  we  may  at  all  trust  the  evidence  of 
the  \'ita  (2).  Prior  to  the  time  of  Laelianus,  who  was  back 
in  Rome  before  the  death  of  Marcus,^^''  the  governors  are 
known  for  a  considerable  number  of  years.  Again  beginning 
with  Dexter,  there  is  probably  an  unbroken  series.  Between 
Laelianus  and  Dexter's  knowni  date  there  must  be  some  three  or 
four  years.  Here  we  should  reasonably  place  Pertinax.  He 
began  his  term  then,  as  successor  of  Laelianus,  probably  late  in 
179  or  early  in  180.  It  is  not  likely  that  there  was  another 
governor  between  him  and  Dexter.  We  may  then  perhaps 
trust  the  evidence  of  the  Vita,^^''  which  says  that  after  his 
return  from  Syria  he  was  obliged  to  live  away  from  Rome 
for  three  years  until  the  death  of  Perennis.  This  probably 
occurred  in  185.^^^  Pertinax  may  have  governed  therefore 
into  the  year  182.  It  seems  quite  probable  that  an  inscription 
found  at  Hine  in  Syria  refers  to  his  governorship. ^^^ 

C.  Domitius  Dexter        Circa  182-183/184 

Wadd.  2308  =  1.  G.  R.  Ill,  1276;  €TOv<:  y]  KVplov  KatVapo?  M. 
[Ko/xo8or]  'AvrwviVoi;,  ctti  Ao/jllttlov  A.€$Tpov  viraTLKOv,  rj  TrdXi?  tov<: 
oLTTo  tC)v  TTTjyuiv  dytoyov?  "Appiov,  Katvti^cjv,  A^ctci^ojv,  Opo"Ova>v,  iiT(.(T- 
K€uacrev  koI  Kareo-KCvaacv .       (  Soada   =    Suweda). 

Consul  suit,  anno  incert.  before  183/184.    Consul  ord.  in  196. 

It  seems  best,  with  Briannow,^"^^  to  count  the  years  of  Com- 
modus  from  the  end  of  Nov.  176,  when  he  was  made  co-regent 
by  his  father,  on  the  evidence  of  an  inscription, ^^*^  dated  in  the 
sixteenth  year  of  Commodus,  which  plainly  is  counted  from  that 
time.  I  do  not,  however,  follow  Briinnow^  in  making  the 
years  of  Commodus,  on  these  inscriptions,^^^  coincide  with  his 
tribunician   powers.      Now   his   trib.   pot.    I    came   to   an   end 


'^See  p.  3S,  n.   182. 
''•'Vita  Pertinacis  3,  2-5. 

187 
18» 


Prosop.  Ill,  317,  146. 

L  G.  R.  Ill,  1096  (from  Fossey,  B.  C.  H.  XXI  (1S97),  p.  61  ff.). 
The  editors  of  the  I.  G.  R.  have  joined  together  inscriptions  which  were 
not  even  found  at  the  same  place.  Xo  doubt  they  were  misled  by 
the  somewhat  confusing  arrangement  in  the  B.  C.  H.  pp.  61-63.  This 
governor  Pertinax  is  then  by  no  means  to  be  dated  in  282/283. 

''\\Ta.h\2i  III,  p.  320. 

'""Wadd.  2413  f  =  P.  A.  E.  S.  Ill,  A,  5,  652.     The  same  practice 
is  seen  in  Wadd.  2455  dated  in  the  eleventh  year  of  Caracalla. 

'"^For    a    list    of    inscriptions    from    this    region,    South    Syria,    see 
Briinnow,   Arabia  III,   p.  267. 

39 


A. 


I'     i 


Dec.  lo,  176,^^-  though  it  only  began  Nov.  2j ;  but  1  think 
it  much  more  Hkely  that  his  year  i  would  be  counted  from  the 
end  of  Nov.  176  to  the  same  date  177.  or,  better  still,  to  the 
beginning  of  the  new  year  according  to  the  calendar  in  use, 
as  was  the  case  at  Alexandria  in  Egypt. ^'^^^  The  new  year  in 
South  Syria  generally  began, ^''*  since  it  was  according  to  the 
calendar  of  Antioch,  on  October  ist  in  all  probability.^*^*^*  The 
eighth  year  of  Commodus  would  then  begin  on  October  ist,  183 
It  seems  very  probable  that  Dexter^'*"  was  the  immediate  suc- 
cessor of  Pertinax. 

lulius    Saturninus       Autumn  185/186 
(i)  Wadd.  2309  =  1.  G.  R.  Ill,  1277  ;  €tov<:  l  [tov  rjfjiCjv']  Kvplov 

AvTOKpdropos  [ y^\  VTrarcvovTOS  *IovAiov  '^aropveivov,  rj  ttoAis  to  KTLafxa 

(Tvv    €pyaa-Tr}pLOL<;   Kal   Travrl   Koorpno   Ka[TccrK€mo'£v] .        (Soada  = 

Suvveda). 

(2)    Wadd.  2524  =  1.  G.  R.  Ill,  III9  ;   'WAios  ^arovpvlvo^  4>ai- 

vrjoTLOL^  firp-poK(ofXLa  tov  Tpdx<ovos  xat/aciv  -  -  (Phaena  =  il  Mlsmiyeh). 
(2)   Brunnow,  Arabia  III,  p.  203,  13;  T.  U€[T]pti>vLov  r  .  .  .  . 

SeKOVvSov   Bpov8[  ....  Acy.JS'  ^kv6.  irpLVKL-n-a  [ i/yc/xonas]  'lorA. 

^aropvtLvov  [irpecrfi.  2cy3.]  dvTL(TTp.  ^ti-qvol .      (Kanawdt).      Cf. 

A.  A.  E.  S.  Ill,  no.  405. 

(4)    Wadd.   2309a  =  C.  I.G.  4618;    "^ajrlojpve^vov  {^arijKoC. 

(Same  place  as  (o). 

Consul  anno  incert. 

Waddington  noted,  in  relation  to  the  inscription    (i),  that 
of  the  emperors  of  the  second  and  third  centuries,  whose  names 


1»2 


Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  109.  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  D.  ;6.  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  3202; 
XIV,  3449.  The  same  is  shown  with  probability  by  C.  1.  L.  II,  1725b; 
III,  14370';  IX,  5430. 

**^  This  same  system  for  dating  imperial  years  evidently  held  at 
Caesarea  in  Cappadocia,  where  there  is  found  a  coin  of  the  nineteenth 
year  of  Septimius  Severus  (B.  M.  C.  Galatia — (1899),  P-  75,  no.  232) 
showing  that  his  year  i  must  have  run  from  spring  to  autumn  of  193. 
Similarly  for  Galba,  and  Vespasian,  see  B.  M.  C.  Phoenicia  p.  cxxxix; 
and  Pick,  Z.  X.  XIV  (1887),  p.  339. 

P.-W.  I,  649.     I.  G.  R.  Ill,  index  pp.  664  and  665  for  refs. 

See  Prentice  in  P.  A.  E.  S.  Ill,  B,  5,  p.  i38ff. ;  also  Kubitschek, 
P.-W.  I,  633.  In  the  late  empire  the  year  began  on  Sep.  i.  See  Pren- 
tice, 1.  c. :  also  O.  Kaestner,  De  Aeris  p.   15. 

^■^'' Possibly  there  is  a  reference  to  his  early  career  in  A.  E.  (1911), 
145. 

The  editors  supply  Severus  Alexander. 

40 


19S 


197 


< 


are  erased  on  the  monuments,  only  two,  Commodus  and  Seve- 
rus Alexander,  had  a  tenth  year.  He  chose  the  latter^'^^  for 
this  case.  Brunnow  however  has  proved^ ^'^  that  Commodus 
must  be  the  emperor,  for  in  (3)  this  governor  is  connected 
with  the  Fourth  Scythica  legion,  which  was  then  in  South 
Syria,  where  it  did  not  belong  at  all  after  the  division  of  the 
province  by  Septimius  Severus.  The  Third  Gallica  alone  be- 
longed to  the  Southern  part,  Syria  Phoenice.-*'*^  It  may  be 
noted  further  that,  though  Syria  Phoenice  was  a  praetorian 
province,-^^  in  ( i )  Saturninus  is  termed  vTrarcvovTo?  .-**-  a 
term  which  properly  belongs  to  the  legate  of  a  consular 
province. 

Dating  this  inscription  on  the  same  principles  used  for 
Domitius  Dexter,  we  find  Saturninus  governor  in  the  year 
beginning  with  autumn  185. 

Asellius  Aemilianus  Circa  186/190 

(1)  Wadd.  2213  =  1.  G.  R.  Ill,  1262;  v-rrlp  o-wTrjpta^  kol  vclkyj^; 
Kvpiov  Ka[tcraJpo?  Ko/xo8ov,  €7rt  'AcrcXA.t'or  Ai/xtXiav[_ov  vjTrartKOV,  €<f>e<T- 
To) ro9  *AyLKLov   Pijj/jLavov  kKarovrdp^ov  ? ctovs  l  ? 

(2)  Herodian  III,  2,  3;  dl  fxkv  yap  (<^ao-tv)  <j>6ovovvTa  {AlfiL- 
Atavov)  TO)  Ntypo)  CTrt^ouAcOcrat,  dyavaKTOvvra  ort  Srj  Sta8o;(0$  avTOv 
y€v6p.€vo<;  T^9  €v  2vpi'a  apxV^  i/xeXXtv  tcrtcrdai  KpuTTUiv. 

(3)  Z.  N.  XXIV  (1904),  p.  32  ;  kvT.  Kais.  A.  Avp.  KoVoSos  |  ^yc. 
Ao^cA.  At/xtAiavov  Ov\iria<i  riavraAtas. 

From  a  coin  discovered  in  recent  years  (3)  we  learn  that 
Aemilianus  was  governor  of  Thrace  176/180.-*^^  Since  Thrace 
was  a  praetorian  province,"^^  his  consulship  must  be  dated 
between  this  period  and  that  of  his  governorship  of  Syria. 

Herodian  (2)  plainly  states  that  Niger  was  the  successor 
of  Aemilianus,  therefore  Saturninus  is  not  to  be  placed  be- 

***  He  is  followed  by  the  editors  of  I.  G.  R.  Ill,  1277,  and  by  Pren- 
tice, A  .A.  E.  S.  Ill,  no.  405. 
Arabia  III,  p.  269. 
Domaszewski,  Rangord.  p.  179. 

See  under  Venidius  Rufus  p.  53,  and  The  Division  of  Syria  p.  87. 
***  For  other  instances  of  the  use  of  this  term  for  a  consular  gov- 
ernor see  A.   E.  M.  X    (1886),  p.  243,  no.   11;   op.  cit.  XVII    (1894), 
p.  181 ;  I.  G.  R.  I,  591.    So  too  of   viraTiKb^  (4)  usually.     See  Briinnow, 
Arabia  III,  p.  281. 

**'  H.  Dressel,  ed.  of  the  coin,  says  that  this  period  is  certain  from 
the  type  of  the  head  of  Commodus. 
*^  Liebenam  p.  389. 

41 


aoo 
201 


V 


J^ 


m 

tween  their  terms  of  office,  although  Briinnow-"'  has  so  placed 
him.  Unfortunately  all  that  can  be  learned  from  (i)  with 
certainty  is  that  Aemilianus  was  governor  under  Commodus. 
Waddington  reads  at  the  end  €tov<:  t<^  or  tp  which  I  can  not 
explain.-"^*' 

C.  Pescennius  Niger'-'"'        Circa  190-193 

(1)  Dio  Cassius    LXXIV,    6,   I  ;    ovro?    8c    (Ntypo?)  'IraAo?    fxiv 

rjv,  i$  LTTTrewVy  ovre  8c  cs  to  KptiTTOv  ovTt  c?  to  \<upov  €7rL(Trj/JL0^ 8io 

KOL  rrj  ^vpia  vtto  Ko/x/ao8ov  TrpoaiTa^Orj. 

(2)  Vita  Pesc.  Nigri.  i,  5;  Ordines  (Niger)  diu  duxit  mul- 

tisque  ducatibus  pervenit,  ut  exercitus  Syriacos  iussu  Commodi 
regeret,  suffragio  maxime  athletae  qui  Commodum  strangu- 
lavit,  ut  omnia  tunc  fiebant. 

(3)  Herodian  II,    2f  4  '■>    V^  ^^    «    Ntypo?  twv  ptv  rrpo  iroXXov  lira 
T€vaavTU)V,  KaO    ov  Sc  Kaipov  to.  irpoup'qpiva   iv   Vuipr)  cVparTCTO,  Srpt'a? 
r)ytiTO   7rd(T7j<:.      ttoXXtj   8c   rjv   Kal   fieyLdTr)   apxr}   totc,    tov   tc   ^olvikwv 
tdvovi  TravTos  Kal  rrji  p^i^pi^  EiV(f>pdTOv  yrj<:  vtto  rrj  Ni'ypov  ovtwv  i^ovcna. 

According  to  the  Vita*^^  Niger  was  consul  before  Severus, 
who,  as  is  learned  from  Dio,-'^'-^  was  consul  during  the  domina- 
tion of  Cleander.  Now  Cleander  seems  to  have  been  killed  in 
189,-^°  so  that  Niger  must  have  held  the  consulship  by  188  at 
the  latest.  But  he  was  very  probably  consul  some  time  before, 
and  this  probability  is  confirmed  by  the  passage  from 
Herodian  (3).-^^ 

The  date  of  the  beginning  of  Niger's  governorship  in  Syria 
is  not  known,  but  certainly  he  was  in  charge  by  the  year  192, 
for  Dio  and  the  Vita  (2)  both  state  that  he  was  appointed  by 
Commodus.-^-  Since  he  had  affairs  so  well  in  hand  that  he 
was  able  to  conduct  a  great  revolt  early  in  193,  the  beginning 
of  his  term  is  probably  to  be  set  back  as  far  as  190  or  191. 
Niger  was  defeated  and  killed  by  Severus  late  in  193.-^^ 

**"  Arabia  III,  p.  300. 

^If  it  were  possible  to  read  i^  or  te.  the  years  187/188  or  190/191 
respectively  would  be   indicated. 

*'^  The  "Iiistus"  added  after  ''Xiger,"  during  his  revolt,  on  coins  and 
papyri  is  probably  a  title.  Z.  X.  II  (1875),  p.  250,  has  it  translated 
Akaios  .    Cf.  Eckhel  III,  157. 

^n^ita  Pesc.  Xigri  4,  6. 

=^LXXII,  12. 

'''  Prosop.  I,  4^0,  883. 

^^  Premerstein,  Klio  XIII  (1913),  p.  102,  dates  the  consulship  180/183. 

^^  Commodus  was  killed  Dec.  31,  192.     See  Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  108. 

^^■*  See  below  under  The  Revolt  of  Pescennius  Xiger,  p.  jSfi. 

42 


GOVERNORS  OF  SYRIA  COELE 


L.  Alfenus  Senecio 


199 


(i)  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  6709;  Imp.  Caes.  L.  Septimius  Severus 
Pius  Pertinax  Aug.  Arabic.  Adiab.  Parthic.  Princeps  Felic, 
Pontif.  Max.,  Trib.  Pot.  XII,  Imp.  VHI,  Cos.  II,  Procos.,  et 
Imp.  Caes.  M.  Aurel.  Antoninus  Aug.,  Augusti  n.  fil.,  Procos., 
Imp.  Ill,  et  P.  Septimius  [Ge]ta  Caes.,  fil.  et  frater  Augg.  nn., 
pontem  Chabinae  fluvi  a  solo  restituerunt  et  transitum  reddi- 
derunt,  sub  Alfenum  Senecionem  leg.  Augg.  pr.  pr.,  curante 
Mario  Perpetuo  leg.  Augg.  leg.  XVI  F.  F.  (in  ponte  fluvii 
Bolam-Su).  Cf.  no.  6710,  found  on  same  bridge,  and  very 
similar  to  this  inscription. 

Consul  suff.  anno  incert.  before  199. 

Satisfactory  conclusions  as  to  the  date  of  these  inscriptions 
can  not  be  gained  by  a  mere  juggling  of  the  figures;^  but  must 
be  based  on  the  fact  that  Caracalla  is  mentioned  as  Augustus. 
This  shows  that  the  date  is  198  or  later.-'  Now  Marius  Per- 
petuus, mentioned  as  legate  of  the  Sixteenth  Flavia,  immediately 
after  this  office  held  the  governorship  of  Arabia,*^  probably  in 
the  year  200."'  The  inscriptions  of  Senecio  are  then  confined  to 
198,  199  or  200.  The  cos.  II  on  them  is  therefore  correct. 
Stout's  suggestion,^  that  the  tr.  pot.  XII  is  for  tr.  pot.  VII,  is 
quite  plausible,  and  would  give  definitely  199  as  the  date.  Imp. 
VHI  seems  quite  beyond  reasonable  emendation ;  but  it  may  be 

^  So  the  editors  have  done,  and  Stout,  Govs,  of  Moesia  p.  37,  n.  74b. 

^Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  no. 

^  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  1178  contains  his  cursus. 

'The  inscription  (C.  I.  L.  Ill,  14150  =  Brunnovv,  Arabia  I,  p.  21)  of 
Perpetuus,  when  governor  of  Arabia,  gives  Severus'  tides  as  tr.  pot. 
VIII,  Imp.  XI,  COS.  III.  To  bring  harmony  among  the  figures,  it 
seems  better  to  emend  to  cos  II,  rather  than  to  tr.  pot.  X.  If  consul 
III  were  correct  we  should  expect  cos.  with  Caracalla's  name.  Briin- 
now's  suggestion  (Arabia  III,  p.  290)  of  tr.  pot.  Villi  will  not  do, 
since  this  gives  the  year  20T,  while  cos.  Ill  began  in  202. 

^  See  ref.  in  note  i. 


43 


k  ♦ 


worth  while  to  note  that  this  was  the  last  imperatorship  taken 
by  Severus  before  he  left  the  East  in  196  to  oppose  Albinus.^ 

Senecio  was  of  course  legate  of  Syria  Coele,'  since  the  in- 
scriptions are  from  the  extreme  North  of  Syria.  It  is  quite 
possible  that  he  was  the  first  legate,  although  we  do  not  know 
how  long  before  or  after  199  he  governed.  He  is  known  as 
governor  of  Britain-  between  205  and  208.^ 

[P.  Cornelius  Anullinus] 

C.  I.  L.  II,  5506  (a  better  reading  of  2073)  ; 

P.  Cornel.  P.  f.  Gal.  Anullino 


[leg]   Aug.  pr.  pr.  prov 

curat. 

This  inscription,  of  which  only  a  part  is  here  given,  was 
formerly  read   (no.  2073)   "  "  ^^r1    ^^^^-  P^-  P^fo]^' 

Sur[iae  -  -  -  -  . 
On  the  basis  of  this  reading  Liebenam^'^  of  course  included  him 
among   the   governors   of    Syria.      Briinnow^^    followed    him, 
although  the  reading  had  been  corrected  in  the  meantime. 

[L.  Calpurnius] 

The  inscription^-  which  represents  this  man  as  governor  of 
Syria  Coele,  is  in  all  probability  forged  in  part,  as  the  editors 
note.  From  the  place  where  the  stone  was  found  it  is  evi- 
dent that,  if  governor  at  all,  he  must  have  been  governor  of 
Syria  Phoenice,  for  which  there  is  no  proof  whatever. 

^  A  Wirt,  Quaest.  Sev.  p.   10. 

^  The   division   of   Syria   was   in    194.     See   p.   Sjff. 

'  Domaszewski.  Rangord.,  p.  uSoff.,  shows  that  Britain  was  regularly 
held  by  governors  before  Syria.  (P.  Helvius  Pertinax  is  an  exception. 
See  Prosop.  I,  133,  49.)  In  the  case  of  Senecio  it  is  plain  that  after 
the  division  of  Syria,  Britain  ranks  Syria  Coele.  So  Germania  Inf. 
ranks  Syria  Phoenice  (see  under  The  Division  of  Syria,  p.  90),  while 
it  is  still  ranked  by  Syria  Coele  (C.  T.  L.  VF,  1450). 

•  Liebenam  p.   108. 

^•^Die  Leg.  p.  3^7- 

"Arabia  III,  pp.  300  and  321. 

"C.  I.  L.  Ill,  128. 


44 


3 


L.  Marius  L.  f.  Quir.  Maximus  Perpetuus  Aurelianus 

202/209 

C.  I.  L.  VI,  1450;  L.  Mario  L.  f.  Quir.  Maximo  Perpetuo 
Aureliano  cos.,  sacerdoti  fetiaH,  leg.  Augg.  pr.  pr.  provinc. 
Syriae  Coelae,  leg.  Augg.  pr.  pr.  provinc.  Germaniae  Inferioris 
item  provinc.  Belgicae,  duci  exerciti  Mysiaci  aput  Byzantium 

et  aput  Lugdunum,  leg.  leg.  I  Italic,  cur.  viae  Latinae 

M.  lulius  Artemidorus  leg.  Ill  Cyrenaicae. 

Consul  suff.  anno  incert.  before  circa  200.  Consul  II  ord. 
in  22^. 

As  the  inscription  shows,  Marius  Maximus  fought  at  Byzan- 
tium, and  then  at  Lugdunum  against  Albinus  early  in  197.^^ 
Since  he  cannot  have  been  a  provincial  legate  of  Severus  before 
this  year,  and  since  Valerius  Pudens^*  preceded  him  as  gov- 
ernor of  Germania  Inferior,  probably  his  term  in  Germany 
began  about  200,  certainly  not  much  before.  After  this  office 
Maximus  held  the  governorship  of  Syria  Coele,  undoubtedly 
after  Alfenus  Senecio.  Probably  his  term  did  not  begin  before 
circa  202,  if  we  allow  him  only  two  or  three  years  in  Germany. 
Since  he  w^as  legate  of  the  two  Augusti  only,  he  must  be  dated 
before  209,  when  Geta  also  became  Augustus. ^"^  Possibly  the 
dedication  by  an  officer  of  the  third  Cyrenaica  should  be  dated 
during  the  term  of  Marius  Perpetuus  in  Arabia,  who  may  have 
been  the  brother  of  Marius  Maximus. 

[Alfenus  Avitianus] 

This  man,  mentioned  as  governor  in  an  inscription^^  from 
Gerasa,  was,  as  Briinnow^"  has  rightly  shown,  governor  of 
Arabia. 

Fabius  Agrippinus  217/218 

DlO  CaSSlUS  LXXIX,  3?  4  5  fft>6vevcre  fJL€v  yap  €v  Trj  2v/Dta  tov  tc 
NccTopa  Acat  ^d^LOv   AypLTrnlvov  tov  dp)(OVTa  avTrj^;,  tC)v  tc  trrTrctov  roiv 

d/X<f>L   TOV   MaKptvov  TOVS  TrpUiTOVS. 

^'Schiller  I,  p.  7i6ff. 
"  Liebenam  p.  200. 
^'^  Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  1 10. 
'M.  G.  R.  Ill,  1371. 

"Arabia  III,  pp.  269  and  298,  where  Briinnow  has  apparently  for- 
gotten that  Syria  was  divided  before  this  time. 


45 


ir  I 
if 


Consul  suft.  anno  incert. 

Agrippinus  was  governor,  under  Macrinus,  of  Syria  Coele 
evidently  since  we  have  a  governor  of  Phoenice  for  this  same 
time/«  I  can  see  no  occasion  for  Liebenam's  note^^  which 
represents  him  as  governor  of  Syria  Phoenice. 

Q.  Atrius  Clonius  Circa  222 

(i)  C.  I.  L.  II,  4111  ;  Q.  Atrio  Clonio  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  pro- 
vinciarum  Thraciae,  Cappadociae,  Syriae  Maioris,  Hispaniae 
Citerioris,  Claudius  lustus  7  leg.  VII  Gem.  P.  F.  Severianae 
Alexandrianae  praesidi  abstinentissimo.     (Tarraco,  Spain.) 

(2)  I.  G.  R.  I,  717  ;  'Aytt^rJ  Tvxrj  vTTcp  vyctas  koI  veiKr)^  M.  Avp. 
'AvTiov€LVOv  Kara  kcWiv  toC  \a,x7r p6rarov  vTrazLKOv  K.  'Arpiov  KAoWov 

r€xvi;s,  BvIp](tI€wv—  .     (Thrace) 

(3)  Dig.  XXVI,  10,  7,  2;— ex  epitula  imperatoris  nostri  et 
divi  Severi  ad  Atrium  Clonium. 

Consul  suff.  anno  incert.  circa  212. 

The  form  of  the  inscription  ( i )  shows  plainly  that  it  was  set 
up  during  the  governor's  term  in  the  province.  The  order  of 
the  province  held  is  then  the  ascending.  The  position  of 
Thrace,  undoubtedly  a  praetorian  province  under  Septimius 
Severus  and  later,'-^'^  points  to  the  same  conclusion.  Further- 
more while  (I)  is  plainly  of  the  reign  of  Severus  Alexander,"-^ 
the  inscription  (2)  of  Clonius  in  Thrace,  is  evidently  of  the 
reign  of  Caracalla,  so  that  it  is  again  clear  that  (i)  is  in  the 
ascending  order.  Domaszewski  is  therefore  wrong  m  giving 
the  order  of  the  provinces,  Hispania  Citerior,  Syria  Maior, 

Cappadocia.'" 

Now  if  the  passage  from  the  Digest  (3)  may  be  connected 
with  Clonius'  cursus,  we  can  date  his  Thracian  governorship 
with  approximate  accuracy.  Inscription  (2)  is  from  the  reign 
of  Caracalla ;  (3)  is  of  Severus  and  Caracalla.  Hence  we  date 
Clonius  in  Thrace  at  the  end  of  Severus'  reign,  and  the  be- 


i» 


Dio  Cassius  LXXVIII,  35.   i- 
^'Die  Leg.  p.  388,  n.   i.     Briinnow.  Arabia  HI,  p.  301,  rightly  con- 
siders him  governor  of  Syria  Coele. 
=^A.  E.  (1892),  9;   (1900),  19;   (1907),  45. 

^  Note  the  titles  of  the  legion.  ,     r-    t    t 

^Rangord.  p.  181.    The  ref.  (note  5)  is  incorrect,  for  surely  L.  i.  U 

II,  41 II  was  intended. 

46 


/ 


ginning  of  Caracalla's.^*  Since  he  is  called  tVariKos  (2),  no 
doubt  he  gained  the  consulship  while  in  the  province.-*  Then 
followed  his  Cappadocian  and  Syrian  governorships.  The 
Syria  Maior  can,  of  course,  only  refer  to  Syria  Coele.  The 
Spanish  governorship  fell  in  the  time  of  Alexander  Severus. 

It  seems  best  to  put  the  term  in  Syria  after  that  of  Fabius 
Agrippinus.  It  would  not  be  likely  that  the  three  commands 
of  Thrace,  Cappadocia,  and  Syria  w^ould  be  crowded  in  be- 
tween 212  and  217,  with  the  Spanish  coming  after  222.  I 
would  date  his  Syrian  command  roughly  at  about  the  begin- 
ning of  Severus  Alexander's  reign. 

D.  Simonius  Proculus  lulianus  239/252 

C.  I.  L.  \T,  1520;  [D.  SJimoni  Proculi  luliani  c.  [v 

prov.  Sy]riae  Coeles,  Daciarum  III  P[.  .  .  .  iurjidico  per 
Transpadum.    Pr[ 

Julianus  was  legate  of  Thrace  under  Maximinus  f^  then, 
under  the  same  emperor,  governor  of  Arabia-^  and  consul 
designate.  He  must  have  been  consul  therefore  circa  2t,S. 
We  know  that  he  was  praefectus  urbi ;-'  but  the  date  at  which 
he  held  this  office  is  not  at  all  certain.  The  only  expression  of 
time  in  any  sense  ^'Nobilissimus  Caesar"-^  can  not  help  here, 
for  it  is  very  general,  as  a  glance  at  the  list  of  emperors  in  the 
index  of  C.  I.  L.  Ill  will  show.  It  is  clear  however  that  it 
was  after  238,  but  before  254,  for  in  this  year  begins  the  list 
of  praefecti,-^  and  Julianus  does  not  appear  on  it.  In  this 
same  period,  and  probably  before  the  prefecture^'^  are  to  be 
placed  the  Dacian''^  and  Syrian  governorships  in  order.     The 

*^  Kalopothakes,  De  Thracia  p.  57,  places  him  "sub  Severo." 

"See,  for  similar  cases,  Briinnow,  Arabia  III,  p.  288. 

="1.  G.  R.  I,  692. 

^Briinnow  Arabia  III,  p.  292.  Briinnow  is  certainly  mistaken  in 
placing  Simonius  Julianus  before  Pomponius.  The  fact  that  Simonius 
was  legate  in  Thrace  under  Maximinus  shows  that  his  term  in  Arabia 
under  the  same  emperor  must  fall  in  the  last  half  of  Maximinus'  reign. 

"  C.  I.  L.  XV,  7528.    Orelli  4347  =  Borghesi  IX,  p.  370. 

^Orelli  4347. 

^  Mommsen  ed.  in  Abh.  Sachs.  Ges.  d.  Wiss.  I   (1850),  p.  627. 

""Cf.  €h.  Huelsen,  M.  R.  I.  xxi  (1906),  p.  88.  The  earlier  rule,  that 
the  prefecture  of  the  city  was  held  last,  was  however  not  strictly  kept 
in  the  later  period.     See  Daremberg-Saglio  s.  v.  praefectus  urbi. 

''C.  I.  L.  III.  1573. 

47 


■I 


Syrian  governorship  then  can   hardly   have  been  held  before 
239,  or  after  252. 

Virius  Lupus  Before  278 

(i)  C  I.  L.  VI,  31775;  [Viri]o  Lupo  c.  m.  v.  [cos.  ord.] 
praef.  iirbi.  pontif.  D.  S.,  [iudici  s]acrarum  [co]gnition.  [per 
Aeg.]    et  per  Ori[enJtem,  praes.    [Syriae]    Coeles  et  Arabiae. 

(2)  Laterculus  of  354  in  Abh.  Sachs.  Ges.  d.  Wiss.  (i) 
1850,  p.  627;  (Cos.)  Probo  et  Lupo  {27^)  X^irius  Lupus 
praefectus  urbis ;  (Cos.)  Probo  III  et  Paterno  (279)  Virius 
Lupus  praefectus  urbis;  (Cos.)  Messala  et  Crato  (280)  Virius 
Lupus  praefectus  urbis. 

The  identification  of  the   Lupus,  governor  of   Syria   Coele 
(i),  with  the  consul  of  27S  who  was  also  prefect  of  the  city 
278-280  (2),  seems  to  me  certain.'^-     By  comparing  the  career 
of  Helvius  Dionysius,-''  governor  of  Syria  Coele  under  Dio- 
cletian, with  that  of   Lupus,   C.   W.   Keyes'^-^   concludes   that 
Lupus  was  governor  before  his  consulship.     This  conclusion, 
I  believe,  is  correct ;  but  I  do  not  think  that  it  should  be  based 
on  the  cursus  of   Dionysius.-^'     If  the  inscription    (i)    is   in 
proper  chronological  order,  that  order  is  evidently  the  descend- 
ing,  for  Arabia   was  always  held  before  the  consulship,   and 
before  the  governorship  of  Syria  Coele.     It  would  seem  clear 
then  that  Lupus  was  governor  of  Syria  also  before  his  con- 
sulship.     Furthermore   a   table  of   the   governors   of   Arabia, 
given  by  Keyes,^«  shows  that,  with  the  possible  exception  of 
Lupus,  all  the  governors  known  from  262  to  the  time  of  Dio- 
cletian were  of  equestrian  rank.     It  seems  very  probable  there- 
fore that  Lupus,  who  was  of  course  of  senatorial  rank,  was 
governor  of  Arabia  before  262.     If  this  is  so,  it  seems  highly 
improbable  that  Lupus  held  the  governorship  in   Syria  after 
his  consulship  and  prefecture  of  the  city,  i.e.  after  280.    Lupus 
was  then  apparently  a  praetorian  governor  of   Syria   Coele. 
He  is  the  first  and  only  governor  whom  we  can,  with  a  fair 
degree  of  certainty,  place  in  this  class.     The  evidence  to  be 
had  does  not  show  whether  the  change  was  permanent  or  not. 

^See  C.  W.  Keyes,  The  Rise  of  the  Equites,  Princeton,  1915,  P-  16. 

«C.  I.  L.  VI,  1673.     See  below,  p.  51. 

"^  Op.  cit,  p.   17. 

^' See,  for  discussion,  p  51. 

"•  Op.  cit.  pp.  8-9. 

48 


Maximinus 


275/276 


A 


(  l)  ZonaraS  XII,  28  ;  Ma^L/Juvov  8e  nva  (Tvyyivrj  lavTOV  rjyefxova 
Trj<;  2vpta5  Trpoi^upicaTO  TctKiros*  6  hi.  KaKcus  rrj  ap)(rj  ^(pwfjitvoi  avrjpiO-q 
irapa  (TTpaTLOJTOJv. 

(2)  ZosimUS  I,  63,  2;  MaitfJLLVw  yeVct  TrpocrrfKOVTi  ttjv  2v/3tas  °-PXV^ 
TrapaScStoKCv.  ovTO<;  rot?  cv  rcAct  Tpa)(yTaTa  7rpo(T(f>€p6fJi(.vo<:  th  <l)06vov 
a/xa  Kal  (fyojSov  KaricrT-qcrtv. 

The  references  give  Maximinus  as  governor  of  Syria  under 
Tacitus. ^^     Syria,  of  course,  means  Syria  Coele. 


38 


PSaturninus  276/282 

(  I  )  ZosimUS  I,  66,  I  ;  ravra  hiaTrpa^ajxivw  tuJ  Yipoftu)  SaTou/ovivos 
ycVct  Mavpovcrto?,  cTrtTT^Sctos  wv  cs  rot  /xaAtara  tco  /SaaLXel  8ta  tovto  T€ 
Kal  TTJV  St'ptas  a.px'']V  Ittitit papip.ivo^^  r^s  ^acnkiit)^  aTroo'Tas  Tricrrcws  ci? 
fTravacTTacrctos  tvvotav  rjXOtv. 

(2)  Hieron.  Chron.,  p.  184,  ed.  Schoene-Peterman  =  Sync. 

723?  75  TtC  ?'  €T£t  Tipo^OV  SarOpVtVOS  (TTpaTOTT€Sdp)(r)i  T'^V  Kaiv^v  *AvTto- 
^ctav  qp^aTO  KTi^uVy  os  varcpov  eTravaaras  tyJ  'YiDfxatuyv  OLp)(rj  €(T<f>dyrj 
cv  'ATTu/xcia  VTTo  Tcuv  iSt'cuv. 

(3)  ^P  ^^^-  P-  1^5  (Hieronymus)  ;  Anno  Abr.  2297;  Probus, 
anno  4;  Saturninus  magister  exercitus  novam  civitatem  An- 
tiochiae  orsus  condere.  Qui  postea  imperium  molitus  invadere 
Apamiae  occiditur. 

It  is  stated  by  Aurelius  Victor,^^  Eutropius,*^  and  Orosius,*^ 
that  Saturninus  revolted  in  the  Orient,  under  Probus.  Zona- 
ras^^  simply  cites  him  as  a  pretender  in  that  reign.  Zosimus 
( I )  however  says  that  he  held  the  government  of  Syria,*^  and 
this  statement  is  perhaps  supported  by  the  evidence  of  Syncel- 
lus  (2)  and  Hieronymus  (3)  that  Saturninus  tried  to  found 
either  a  new  city  Antioch,  or  a  new  state  at  Antioch ;  but  was 
killed  at  Apamea.  Now  according  to  the  Vita  Saturnini  he 
held  the  office  of  dux  limitis  Orientalis,^*  under  Aurelian,  and 

"  Tacitus  was  emperor  from  the  fall  of  275  to  the  spring  of  276. 
See  Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  116. 
■*  See,  for  example,  Zosimus  I,  64,  i  and  Zonoras  XII,  29. 
•*  de  Caes.  37,  3 ;  Epit.  37,  2. 
"IX,  17. 

^^Hist.  VII,  24,  3. 
*^XII,  29. 

■^  Jones,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Emp.  p.  349. 
**  See  J.  H.  E.  Crees,  Reign  of  Probus  p.  114 

49 


li' 


!i! 


was  first  proclaimed  emperor  at  Alexandria.  If  it  be  true  that 
Saturninus  had  the  right  to  visit  Egypt  in  the  discharge  of  his 
duties,  he  must  of  course  have  held  some  sort  of  general 
authority  over  the  Orient,  perhaps  similar  to  that  of  Avidius 
Cassius.  Vopiscus  however  is  the  only  writer  who  tells  this 
story,  and  his  rhetorical  account  is  suspicious."*"' 

According  to  the  arrangement  of  the  material  in  ZosimuS; 
Saturninus'  revoh  falls  rather  early  in  Probus'  reign.  So 
Crees'^  prefers  a  date  around  2jj.  But  Syncellus  (2)  gives 
the  sixth  year  of  Probus,  which  will  agree  with  the  year  of 
Abraham  2297 ;  but  not  with  the  fourth  year  of  Probus,  given 
by  Hieronymus  (3).  Syncellus'  dating.  281/2  A.D.,  is  ac- 
cepted by  Domaszewski.*' 

Charisius  May  10,  290 

Codex  Jtist.  IX,  41,  9;  Idem  A  A.    (Diocletiantis  et  Maxi- 

mianus)  ad  Charisium  praesidem  Syriae. D.  VI.  id.  Mai. 

Hemesa,  ipsis  IIII  et  III  Ax\.  conss. 

Charisius  was  governor  of  Syria  Coele  under  Diocletian. 
We  know  nothing  more  about  him. 

Primosus  293 

Codex  Jtist.  VII,  33,  6;  Pars  epistulae  Diocletiani  et  Maxi- 
miani    AA.    et    CC.    ad    Primosum    praesidem    Syriae 

accepta. 

Primosus  was  governor   of   Syria   Coele   under   Diocletian. 

The  date  is  not  definitely  fixed ;  but  the  editors  put  it  as  293, 
since  this  passage  occurs  among  a  number  of  others  of  that 
year. 


Verinus 


Sep.  22,  294 


Codex  Just.  II,  12,  20;  Idem  AA.  et  CC.   (Diocletianus  et 

Maximianus)    ad   Verinum  praesidem    Syriae. D.   X   k. 

Oct.  Demesso.  CC.  conss. 

Verinus    was    evidently    governor    of    Syria    Coele    under 

Diocletian. 

•^  Peter,  Gesch,  Litt.  rom.  Kzeit  TI.  p.  339,  says  that  Vopiscus  has 
little  historical  value.  Schiller  I.  p.  880.  apparently  accepts  the  story 
of  Vopiscus. 

*^  Op.  cit.  p.  158. 

*^G.  R.  K.  11,  p.  318- 

50 


i 


L.  Aelius  Helvius  Dionysius*'      295  or  296 

C.  I.  L.  VI,  1673  y  L.  Aelio  Helvio  Dionysio  c.  v.  iudici 
sacrarum  cognitionum  totius  Orien.,  praesidi  Syriae  Coele., 
correctori    utriusq(ue)     Italiae,    curatori    Aq.    et    Miniciae, 

curat operum  publicoru[m],  pontifici  dei  Sol. 

collegium   fabrorum  tignuar.   multis   in  se  patro- 

ciniis  co. 

The  title  c.  v.  in  the  inscription  shows  that  Dionysius  was  a 
governor  of  the  senatorial  order.  He  held  the  position  of 
curator  operum  publicorum  after  286.*^  He  was  curator 
Aq.  et  Miniciae  very  probably  before  293.^^  Then,  possibly  in 
the  same  period,  he  had  the  position  of  corrector  utriusque 
Italiae,  from  which  he  went  to  Syria  Coele. 

Now  Dionysius  was  probably  proconsul  of  Africa  in  298,^^ 
and  an  inscription'-  of  his  term,  shows  that  he  held  the  posi- 
tion for  four  years.  His  prefecture  of  the  city  falls  exactly 
in  301.'^  Hence  it  is  plain,  from  Pallu  de  Lessert,''*  that  the 
four  years,  in  all  probability,  were  297-300  inclusive.  Before 
this  he  held  the  governorship  of  Syria.  Since  he  served  in  at 
least  three  positions  after  286,  it  seems  probable  that  he  fol- 
lows in  Syria  the  governors  given  by  the  Codex.  His  term 
should  be  dated  then  with  probability  in  295  or  296. 

The  consulship  of  Dionysius  is  not  mentioned  in  the  inscrip- 
tion, and  therefore  it  is  natural  to  conclude  that  he  had  been 
governor  of  Syria  before  he  held  the  consulship,  as  in  the 
case  of  Virius  Lupus. ^^.  It  is  however  to  be  noted  that  Diony- 
sius, before  his  term  in  Syria,  held  the  position  of  curator  Aq. 
et  Miniciae,  which  was  regularly  held  by  consulars  during  the 


49 


For  his  cursus   see   P.-W.  V,  914,  no.  82;   and   Pallu  de  Lessert, 
Pastes  Prov.  Afr.  II,  p.  8. 

*'C.  I.  L.  VI,  255  and  256.  The  date  is  sure  from  the  fact  that  both 
the  emperors  Diocletian  and  Maximian  ap^pear  in  the  inscriptions. 
Cf.  Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  118. 

^  C.  I.  L.  VI,  //S.    The  emperors'  names  head  the  inscription ;  but  no 
Caesars  appear.    Cf.  Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  118. 
■^^Jurisp.  ante  Just.  p.  730  =  Frag.  Vat.  41. 
"C.  I.  L  VIII,  12459. 
Laterculus  of  254  in  Abh.  Sachs.  Ges.  d.  Wiss.  I  (1850),  p.  628. 
Op.  cit.    His  list  shows  other  governors  for  294-5,  and  with  prob- 
ability for  295-6. 
'^  See  p.  48. 


51 


63 


5-t 


second  and  third  centuries,^®  and  probably  during  the  reign  of 
Diocletian. ^^  This  evidence  would  make  it  seem  probable  that 
Dionysius  was  a  consular  governor  of  Syria.  It  does  not 
seem  possible  to  decide  the  question  with  certainty. 


^  See  P.-W.  IV,  1784. 
"  See  C  I.  L.  VI,  1418,  and  313/8. 
probably  held  after  the  consulship. 


In  these  cases  the  office  was  very 


GOVERNORS  OF  SYRIA  PHOENICE 

Q.  Venidius  Rufus  194-198 

Mel.  Fac.  Or.  IV  (1910),  p.  216  =  A.  E.  (1910),  106; 
[Imp.]  Caesar  L.  Septimius  Severus  Pertinax  Aug.,  Pontif. 
Max.,  Trib.  Pot.,  Imp.  Ill,  Cos.  II,  P.  P.,  vias  et  milia(ria)  [per 
Q.  Ve]nidium  [R]u[fum  l]eg.  [A]ug.  p[r.]  p[r.  (restituit?)]. 

(Near  Zahleh). 

(2)  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  6725;  Imp.  Caes.  L.  Septimio  Severo  Pio 
Pertinaci  A[ug.]  Arabico  Adiabenico  Parthico  Maximo,  P.  M., 
Trib.  Pot.  VI,  Imp.  XI,  [c]os.  II.,  P.  P.,  Procos.,  et  Imp. 
Caes.  M.  Aurelio  Antonino  Aug.,  Trib.  Pot.,  fil.  eius.  sub 
Ven[i]dio  Ru[f]o  leg.  Augg.  pr.  pr.  XVIII  E  MAaE.  (three 
hours  and  one  mile  N.  W.  of  Palmyra).    Cf.  6723,  very  similar. 

(3)  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  205;  Imperatores  Caesares,  L.  Septimius 
Severus  Pius  Pertinax  Aug.  Arabicus  Adeabenicus  Parthicus 
Maximus,  Tribuniciae  Potes.  VI,  Imp.  XI,  cos.  II,  Procos., 
P.  P.,  et  M.  Aurel.  Antoninus  Aug.,  filius  eius,  vias  et  miliaria 
per  Q.  Venidium  Rufum  leg.  Augg.  pr.  pr.,  praesidem  provinc. 
Syriae  Phoenic.  renovaverunt.    II,  B.    (Near  Sidon). 

For  other  inscriptions  very  similar,   see  under  this   same 

number. 

Rufus  was  the  first  governor  of  Syria  Phoenice  and  held 
office  from  the  year  194^  to  about  198,  (2)  and  (3).  He  was 
not  of  the  consular,  but  of  praetorian  rank.^ 

-rjTuivos  208/209 

I.  G.  R.  Illy  II49  *>  ^«P  o-wTryptas  twv  KvptW  A.  Scir.  '2,€ovrjpov 
Koi  *AvT(i>vctvov  K[al  TcVa]  Ctaiv  avrov  Kal  'Iov(Xwi9)  Ao[^]v[t;9]  2c^., 
hov<:  19',  [€7rl....!]r;Ttavov'  {jp^^fi]  ^^PP-  [av]T[t(rrp(aT^yov),  17 
KUifiri  av]€cr[rri](T€v  Sta  [Av]o-ov  Aav (Harran). 

'On  the  dating  of  (i)  see  under  The  Division  of  Syria,  p.  87. 

""  See  The  Division  of  Syria,  p.  87.  Rufus  gives  us  another  example 
of  a  praetorian  going  from  a  province  without  a  legion  to  one  with  a 
legion—Cilicia  to  Syria  Phoenice.     (Cf.  Domaszewski,  Rangord,  p.  174) 

•The  editors  supply  [ Avp]v[><]mvov ;  but  Wetzstein's  copy  in  Abh.  d. 

53 


Harran,  where  this  inscription  of  a  governor  was  found,  was 
very  probably  within  Syrian  territory.'*  The  governor  there- 
fore must  be  of  Syria  Phoenice.  It  can  not  be  assigned  to 
Marius  Maximus,^  as  the  editors  of  I.  G.  R.  propose  to  do, 
since  the  provinces  are  not  the  same.  Nor  can  it  belong  to 
Alfenus  Avitianus,  as  Briinnow^  suggests,  for  if  he  was  gov- 
ernor of  one  of  the  Syrias  at  all,  he  must  be  assigned  to  Syria 
Coele.  Naturally  the  inscription  can  only  honor  the  governor 
of  the  province  to  which  the  locality,  in  which  it  is  found, 
belongs.  It  is  dated  in  the  seventeenth  year  of  Severus,  i.e. 
208/209  A.D.,  if  we  reckon  Severus'  first  year  from  the  spring 
of  193  to  the  beginning  of  the  year  at  Antioch  in  the  autumn 
of  the  same  year.'' 

D.  Pius  Cassius         Dec.  10,  212/213 

C.  I.  L.  Ill,  202  and  p.  973;  [Imp.  Ca]es[a]ri  Divi  [L. 
Sep]t[im]i  S[e]ve[r]i  Pi[i]  [Pert.  Aug.  A]rabici  Adiabenici 
Par[thici]  Max.  Brit.  [Ma]x.  [fil.],  Divi  Marci  Antonini  Pii 
[Ge]rmanici   Sar[niati]ci   nepoti,   Divi   Antonini   Pii   pronep., 

Divi    Hadriani   ab[n]epo[t.] M.    [A]u[relio]    Antonino 

Pio  Aug.  Part[h  Max.,  P]at[ri]  Pat[r.],  [Brit.]  Max., 
[P]on[tific.]  Maximo,  Trib.  Pot.  XVI,  Cos.  [II] II,  P[r]ocos., 
vias  et  miliari[aj  per  D.  Pium  Cassium  leg.  Aug.  p[r.]  p[r.] 
praesidem  provinciae  Syriae  Phoenices,  colonia  lulia  Aug. 

[f]el.  Hel.  [r]en[o]v[a]vit. 

The  reading  trib.  pot.  XVI  (of  Caracalla)  seems  good, 
hence  this  governor  is  dated  in  213.®  This  is  all  we  know  of 
him. 

Marius  Secundus  217/218 

DlO  Cassms  LXXVIII,  35>  ^  >  Btrjytv  8c  nya  Kal  MdpLO<%  ^ckovv 
Oos,  KaiTTip  /3ov\tvTrj<;  t€  vtto  tov  MaKpLVOv  yeyovm  kol  t^s  ^OLVLK-q^ 
TrpoaraTwv. 

Akad.  zu  Berlin  (1863),  p.  296,  no.  109,  has  plainly— 77^10 »'ou  only.  So 
too  Wadd.  2460. 

*  Briinnow,  Arabia  III,  p.  269.     Cf.  under  Pomponious  Julianus,  p.  56. 

'■^  Governor  of  Syria  Coele  202/209.     See  p.  45. 

•Arabia  III,  p.  298,  5. 

^  Cf .  under  Domitius  Dexter,  p.  40. 

^Caracalla's  first  trib.  pot.  extended  from  fall  of  198  to  Dec.  9,  198. 
Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  no. 

54 


K 


Secundus  was  governor  of  Phoenice  under  Macrinus,  that  is 
in  217/218.^ 

Verus  218-circa  219 

Dio  Cassius  LXXIX,  7,  I  ;  ....S  8c  Ovrjpo^  cTriToX/unJcras  Kal 
avTos  ttJ  fjuovapyia  cv  to)  TptVo)  o-TparoTrcSo)  t<J  FaXXtKcJ,  ov  >;px*>  '^^^ 
FcXAios  Mctft/ios  -  -  -  ihiKaimdrjCTav. 

As  commander  of  the  Third  Gallica  Verus  was  the  legate 
of  the  province,  according  to  the  principle  of  government 
stated  by  Domaszewski/^  that  in  a  praetorian  province  the 
legate  of  the  legion  was  the  governor.^'  Verus  governed  early 
in  the  reign  of  Elagabalus,^-  in  219  probably,  no  doubt  as  the 
successor  of  Marius  Secundus. 

?  Rutilius  Pudens  Crispinus  Circa  230 

I.  G.  R.  Ill,  1033;  17  ^ovXr]  KoX  6  85/aos 'lovXtov  AvprjXLOV  Z-qvofitov  - 

.'      aTpaT-qyriaavTa  cV  cVtSiy/Aia  Ocov  'AXcfavSpov,  kol  VTr-qperrjO-avTa  Trapovaia 

htrjvtKtt  'PovTiXAtov  KpLCTTretvov  tov  rjyr)aafJL€vov   kol  rais   iTnSrjfirjadaaL^ 

ov-qiiWaTLoaiv crovs  Sv(f>\     (Palmyra). 

Crispinus  was  governor  of  Thrace  in  the  last  part  of  Elaga- 
balus'  reign,  and  early  in  the  reign  of  Severus  Alexander.'^ 
Now  according  to  the  inscription  he  commanded  troops  at 
Palmyra,  probably  during  the  Persian  war,  circa  231-233.'* 
He  surely  would  not  be  a  subordinate  of  the  Phoenician  gov- 
ernor, after  being  governor  of  Thrace.  Hence  he  was  either 
extraordinary  commander  of  troops  during  the  war,  or  legate 
of  Syria  Phoenice.  The  length  of  time  between  his  term  in 
Thrace  and  his  position  in  Syria  would  tend  to  show  that  he 
was  probably  not  governor,  but  commander  in  the  war.  A 
rescript  of  Severus  Alexander,^"^  dated  August  229,  and  ad- 
dressed Crispino,  may  perhaps  refer  to  this  man. 

'Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  in. 

'"  Rangord.  p.   173. 

"Good  examples  are  given  by  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  550  (of  Hadrian),  and 
C.  I.  L.  X,  6321,  with  Dessau  1036  (of  Q.  Pompeius  Falco). 

"  See  Boissevain  ed.  of  Dio  vol.  Ill,  p.  460.    Prosop.  Ill,  406,  292. 

^M.  G.  R.  I,  669,  688,  772,  1472.  In  I.  G.  R.  I,  718,  lulia  Bassiana 
should  no  doubt  be  supplied  and  not  Domna,  as  editors  admit  that 
Domna's  name  does  not  fill  the  space.  A.  E.  (1900),  20  =  I.  G.  R.  I, 
719,  must  be  dated  in  the  reign  of  Elagabalus,  as  Dobrusky  supplies 
the  name.    There  is  not  room  enough  for  Severus  Alexander's  name. 

"  Schiller  I,  p.  78off.    Hopkins,  Alex.  Sev.  p.  234ff. 

^' Codex  Just.  V,  62,   10.     Cf.  Prosop.  Ill,   I47,  166. 

55 


-»  '    i 


Pomponius  lulianus 


2l(y 


Wadd.    2399=1.  G.  R.    Ill,   I213;    iwlp  aoiTr^pla^    KoX   v€Urj<s  Kal 

alo)VLOv  Sia/xovi^s  [rSiv  Kv/otwv]  Ty/u-tuv  [AvroKpardpcov  Kat(ra/o<ov  F.  *IovA. 

Ma^t/xeiVou  Kttt  r.  'lovA.  Ma^t/xov  tov^  vlov  avTov  'Xt/S/S.,  cTrt  UofjiirwvLov 

lovXiavov    rrpea/S.    2c^/8.    dvTLcrTp.     VTrarctas    [Ma^t/xctVov]    Kat   *A<f>pL- 


Kavov 


.?16 


(Kafr  il-Leha) 


This  inscription  was  found  at  Kafr  il-Leha  near  Der  il- 
Leben,  a  territory  which  can  be  claimed  for  either  Arabia  or 
Syria  Phoenice.  A  line  drawn  from  Kanawat  through  Atil 
and  Kerak  to  Der'at  will  form  the  northernmost  boundary  of 
territory  that  can  with  certainty  be  assigned  to  Arabia.^^  For 
Syria  Phoenice  a  southern  boundary,  beyond  which  is  doubtful 
territory,  may  reasonably  be  placed  in  a  line  drawn  through  il- 
Hit  and  Lubben  (Agraena),  based  on  the  use  of  imperial  years 
in  dating.^*^  An  inscription  of  the  Third  Gallica,^^  found  at 
Ezr'a  (Zorava),  is  good  evidence  that  the  boundary  lay  as 
far  south  as  that  place. 

So  then  the  inscription  of  Pomponius  Julianus  is  located  in 
doubtful  territory.  Chronological  considerations  alone  can 
help  us  here.  In  the  first  place,  it  is  dated  by  the  consuls  of 
the  year,  though  the  method  of  dating  inscriptions  in  Arabia 
was  by  the  era  of  Bostra.-^  Again,  Pomponius  is  definitely  dated 
in  the  year  236.  Now  Simonius  Julianus,  who  was  governor  of 
Thrace  under  Maximinus,  and  then  governor  of  Arabia  also 
under  Maximinus,  must  have  held  the  latter  position  hardly 
earlier  than  the  middle  of  that  reign.-^    Hence  he  too  is  to  be 

"  Consuls  ord.  in  236. 

"See  the  evidence  in  Briinnow,  Arabia  III,  p.  268,  and  especially 
p.  269.  He  claims  Philippopolis  for  Arabia  on  the  evidence  of  Aure- 
lius  Victor,  De  Caesaribus  c.  28.  The  region  circa  175  belonged  to 
Syria  (I.  G.  R.  Ill,  1195).  It  may  be  that  Philip,  when  he  founded  the 
city  some  years  later  than  the  term  of  Julianus,  changed  the  borders. 

"  Briinnow,  I.  c. 

"Wadd.  2486  =  I.  G.  R.  Ill,  1157.  The  names  of  the  sons  of  the 
officer  are  barbarian;  and  the  letter  forms  not  early.  The  "III 
Gallica"  is  not  erased ;  hence  the  inscription  is  probably  of  the  period 
after  the  restoration  of  the  legion.  (See  Daremberg-Saglio  s.  v.  Ill 
Gallica.) 

*' Briinnow,  Arabia  III,  p.  267,  and  table.  As  a  good  example, 
A.  J.  A.  X   (1906),  p.  289. 

**  Briinnow,  Arabia  III,  p.  293,  admits  that  it  is  strange  that  Arabia 
should  have  had  two  governors  in  the  short  reign  of  Maximinus ;  but 
the  fact  is  stranger  than  he  states  it,  for  he  incorrectly  thought  that 

56 


\ 


dated  circa  236  or  237.  It  is  hardly  fair  to  assume  that 
Simonius  is  to  be  dated  at  the  very  end  of  Maximinus'  reign. 
That  would  make  his  term  very  short  indeed.  In  the  years 
238"-  and  239,^^  Domitius  Valerianus  is  fixed  as  governor  of 
Arabia,  to  be  sure  under  another  emperor. 

The  two  governors  then,  Pomponius  and  Simonius,  are  dated 
very  nearly  at  the  same  time.  The  probability  therefore,  it 
seems  to  me  is  that  Pomponius  was  governor  not  of  Arabia,  but 
of  the  neighboring  province,  Syria  Phoenice.  This  conclusion 
of  course  forces  us  to  place  Kafr  il-Leha  in  Syria  Phoenice  at 
this  time.  If  then  Schuhba  (later  Philippopolis)-*  is  rightly 
claimed  for  Arabia,  the  boundary  line  must  have  turned  quite 
sharply  southwest  from  that  neighborhood,  and  skirted  the 
Djebel-Hauran. 

?  -Tos  (or  -705)  ?  244/249 

Wadd.    2076  =  1.  G.  R.    Ill,    1200;    ©c<f   Maptcvw  ....  ro^i    VTra- 

[riKos] .     ( Schuhba  =  Philippopolis). 

The  inscription  as  edited,  seems  to  have  been  set  up  by  a 
governor.  Unfortunately  the  letters  after  vTra  are  lost,  so 
that  it  is  not  certain  that  the  word  was  wartKos;  perhaps  it 
was  *Y7ra[Ttov],-'  a  patronymic.  Since  it  concerns  Marinus, 
father  of  the  emperor  Philip,  it  must  have  been  set  up  between 
244  and  249.^^  Now  if  this  inscription  refers  to  a  governor," 
it  seems  more  likely  that  he  was  governor  of  Arabia,  for  Philip- 
popolis was  founded  in  Arabia,  according  to  Aurelius  Victor,^* 
by  Philip  at  the  beginning  of  his  reign.    The  popular  cognomen 

Simonius  could  be  placed  at  the  very  beginning  of  the  reign,  in  Arabia. 
See  under  Simonius  Julianus  in  Syria  Coele,  p.  47.  That  the  gov- 
ernorship of  Arabia,  with  a  legion,  would  follow  that  of  Thrace, 
without  a  legion,  is  sure.     See  Domaszewski,  Rangord.  p.  173. 

^  A.  J.  A.  X  (1906),  p.  289ff.  =  A.  E.  (1907),  67;  year  133.  This  in- 
scription, from  Irbid,  also  fixes  the  boundary  of  Arabia  definitely  fur- 
ther west  and  north  than  Briinnow  placed  it.     (Arabia  III,  p.  264^.) 

^  Briinnow,  Arabia  III,  p.  293;  year  134 

**  See  above  n.  17. 

^  Cf .  Wadd.  2018. 

*•  ProSOp.   II,    199,   2/2. 

*^The  editors  (I.  G.  R.)  note,  on  the  word  virarLKds;  "Legati  Syriae 
iam  secundo  saeculo  consulares  vocabantur."  This  note  is  meaningless, 
for  Syria  had  long  been  divided,  and  our  inscription  can  only  be  of 
the  smaller  part,  Syria  Phoenice,  if  it  belongs  to  Syria  at  all. 

^  De  Caesaribus  c.  2S.     See  under  Pomponius  Julianus,  n.  17. 

57 


# 


Arabs,  given  to  Philip,  showing  apparently  that  he  was  a  native 
of  Arabia,  may  tend  to  support  the  view  that  the  city  he 
founded  was  in  his  home  province. 

?L.  lulius  Aurel.  Sulp.  Uranius"'^  Antonius?      253/254 
(i)  B.  M.  C.  Galatia-  (1899),  P-  240,  22;   Avtok.  K.  SovXtt^ 

AvTcDvtvo?  2€/3.  j  ArjiJ.ap\.  c^ovcrtas.      S.  C.    EMICA. 

(2)  Hunt.  Coll.  Ill  (1905),  p.  198,  18;  Avtok.  SovAtt.  *Avto>- 
vivos   2e[y8.j  ....  KoXiav.  €$<f>. 

It  is  possible  that  this  pretender  at  Emesa  (i),  in  Syria 
Phoenice,  253/254  A.D.  (2),^^  was  governor  of  the  province. 
His  revolt  seems  to  have  been  purely  local."^^ 

?  Rufinus  253/257  ? 

Anon,  continuator  Dionis  in  Miiller,  F.  H.  G.  IV,  p.  195,  7  ; 

OTL  rov  OSevaOov  rov  -rraXaiov  Pov^ivo?  Avaiptl  a>s  vcwTcpois  €Tn\€LpovvTa 
Trpdy/jLaaLv.      KaTr)y6p€L  8c  6  vewrepoi  'OScVa^os   Por<^tVov   o)s  (jtovfiaav- 

Tos  Tov  TraTc'pa  avrov, kol  iiryvecrc  tovs  Aoyovs  avTo£  (^Pov<f>L- 

vov)  6  FaAAtT^vos. 

Since  Rufinus  is  here  found  exercising  great  authority,  the 
position  which  he  probably  held,  is  that  of  governor^'-  of  Syria 
Phoenice,  in  which  Palmyra  was  situated.''^  It  is  of  course 
possible  that  he  was  an  extraordinary  commander.  The  inci- 
dent, as  it  is  given,  must  be  dated  some  time  before  early  258, 
when  Odaenathus,  the  son,  was  in  power,*^*  and  after  253,  the 
beginning  of  Gallienus'  reign. ^^  It  is  strange  that  we  find  Gal- 
lienus  concerned  in  this  story,  for  Valerian  held  complete 
control  in  the  East  until  260,^^  and  so  naturally  the  case  would 
have  been  brought  before  him.  Perhaps,  if  the  event  took 
place  during  the  joint  reign  of  Valerian  and  Gallienus,  the 
name  of  the  latter,  who  held  the  stage  for  eight  years''^  after 
Valerian's  capture,  was  used  by  mistake. 

^  Prosop.  II,  170,  125. 

^  On  the  era  of  Emesa,  see  Head,  Hist.  Num.  p.  780. 


31 


B.  M.  C.  Galatia — (1899),  P-  231,  would  attribute  one  of  his  coins 
to  Antioch ;  but  on  slight  grounds. 
"  Wadd.  2600,  and  notes. 

^  See  under  The  Division  of  Syria,  p.  88,  n.  14. 
•^I.  G.  R.  Ill,  1031. 
*'' Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  115. 
^Schiller  I,  p.  8i2ff.     Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  114. 
^^  Liebenam,  op.  cit,  p.   115. 

58 


y 


The  matter  would  be  clearer  if  we  could  connect  father  and 
son  of  this  story  with  the  men  known  from  inscriptions ;  but 
this  is  not  easily  done.  Waddington  identified  the  elder  Odae- 
nathus with  an  Odaenathus  who  died  before  251,  and  con- 
sidered the  younger  Odaenathus  a  brother  of  Haeranes  men- 
tioned in  an  inscription.^^  He  thus  does  violence  to  the  story 
of  Rufinus,  dating  it  earlier.  Mommsen^^  on  the  other  hand 
supposed  Haeranes  of  the  inscription  to  have  been  the  father 
of  the  great  Odaenathus,  and  the  grandson  of  the  one  who  died 
before  251.  This  leaves  a  very  short  interval  for  the  grandson 
to  rise  to  great  power  by  258.^^ 

?Septimius  Odaenathus  April,  258 

Wadd.  2602  =  1.  G.  R.  Ill,  1031  ;   2€7r[Tt>tov  'OSatVa^ov]  t6v 

A.a/ut7r[poTaTOV  v7raTtK]ov*\    avvTe[\€UL  twv  ^(pvcroxjoiov  kol  apylypOKOinDv 

t]6v  Sco-TTOTryv,  T€L/xrjs  xoipf-y^  [ct]ovs  Oi<f>',  /jirjveL  EavSiKco*^.  (Palmyra). 
The  title  6  Xa/xTrpdraTos  waTtKos  was  sometimes  used  in  Syria 
to  denote  the  governor.*^  It  is  then  possible  that  this  inscrip- 
tion, found  in  Syria  Phoenice,  may  refer  to  a  governor  of  that 
province,  for  the  title  is  also  used  of  governors  of  praetorian 
provinces  fairly  frequently.**  It  is  however  to  be  noticed  that 
other  great  men  of  the  same  family  of  Palmyra  were  given  the 
honorary  title  Xa/xTrpdraTos  o-wKXTyTtKos,^'*  and  it  may  be  there- 
fore that  Odaenathus'  title  in  this  inscription  is  also  an  hon- 
orary one  of  higher  degree.  Schiller*^  does  not  agree  with 
Waddington's*^  view  that  Odaenathus  can  have  been  governor  ; 
but  since  so  little  is  known  of  his  history  at  this  time,  at  least 
the  possibility  that  he  was  governor  should  be  admitted. 


^  Wadd.  2600. 
^  R.  G.  V,  427. 

44) 


I.  G.  R.  Ill,  1031. 

''  Supplied  from  the  Palmyrene  version,  de  Vogue,  Inscr.  Palmyr. 
no.  23. 

*^  April,  258  A.D. ;  Seleucid  era. 

*M.  G.  R.  Ill,  1179  and  1261. 

*^A.  E.  (1902),  134,  a  governor  of  Thrace;  A.  J.  A.  X  (1906),  p. 
291,  a  governor  of  Arabia  in  238,  with  exactly  this  title. 

**I.  G.  R.  Ill,   1034  and   1035. 

*«Vol.  I,  p.  825. 

*''  No.  2602. 


Crispinus  March,  292 

Codex  Just.  I,  23,  3 ;  Impp.  Diocletianus  et  Maximianus  AA. 

Crispino  praesidi  provinciae  Phoenice. D.  prid  k.  April. 

Hannibaliano  et  Asclepiodoto  conss.     (292). 

References  possibly  to  the  same  man  as  governor:  Codex 
VII,  35,  4  (Feb.  26,  292)  ;  IX,  2,  11  (April  6,  292)  ;  IX,  9,  25 
(Aug.  28,  293). 


Sossianus  Hierocles 


293/305 


C.  I.  L.  Ill,  6661;  [Reparato]res  orbis  sui  et  Propagatores 
generis  humani  DD.  nn.  Diocletianus  |||||||||||  [Invicti]ssimi 
Impp.  et  Constantius  et  Maximianus  Nobb.  Caess.,  castra  feli- 
citer  condiderunt  [curam  age]nte  Sossiano  Hieroclete  v.  p., 
praes.  provinciae,  D.  N.  M.[q.]  eorum.     (Palmyra). 

Although,  as  far  as  our  information  goes,  there  were  sena- 
torial governors  of  Syria  Coele  in  Diocletian's  reign,*^  yet  here 
we  find  unmistakably  an  equestrian  governor  of  Syria  Phoe- 
nice.*^ From  the  Augusti  and  Caesares  named,  the  inscription 
evidently  dates  between  early  293  and  305.'''  Eusebius"^^  speaks 
of  a  "  o-T/oaTOTTcSapx'?^  whom  the  Romans  call  dux,"  at  Damas- 
cus circa  311/313.^-  It  would  appear  that  by  that  time  there 
was  a  dux  Phoenices.  That  such  an  office  existed  from  the 
very  beginning  of  Diocletian's  arrangements  is  not  however 
thereby  proved.  Here,  in  the  case  of  Hierocles,  a  governor  is 
recorded  as  building  a  camp,  and  no  mention  of  a  dux  is  made. 
This  may  then  be  a  slight  indication  that  the  governor  had 
command  of  troops  in  this  period.^^ 

Aelius  Statutus  293/305 

(I)  M61.  Fac.  Or.  (1908),  p.  314;  (first  published  in  A.  J.  A, 

XI  (1907),  p.  3l5ff.);   ^LOK\r]T(.avb<:  Kal  Ma^i/itavo?  2c/3^.,  kol  Ko)VO-- 

*'  See  under   L.   Aelius   Helvius   Dionysius,   p.   48. 

*'The  V.  P.  is  decisive.  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  p.  2463,  index,  suggests  Hiero- 
cles as  governor  of  Arabia;  but  certainly  Palmyra  belonged  to  Syria 
Phoenice.  See  The  Division  of  Syria,  p.  88,  and  under  the  next 
governor,  Aelius  Statutus,  p.  61. 

""Liebenam,  Fasti  pp.  118  and  119. 

"  Hist.  Eccl.  IX,  5,  2. 

"Schiller  U,  p.  I92ff.     Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  119. 

"  So  the  governor  of  Arabia  in  this  period  also  built  fortifications. 
See  Briinnow,  Arabia  HI,  p.  294.  s.  v.  Aurelius  Asclepiades,  and  p.  281. 

60 


TavTios  Ktt  Ma^i/xtavos  KcWpc?,  XlOov  Sio/atfovra  ay pov(^)  cttoikiov 
Xpr;(ri/xtavou  (TT7]pLx$^ve  cKcAcvcav  f^povTihi  'EAt[ov]  ^raTovrov  to€ 
Sia((7)r;/x(oTaTOv) . 

(2)  Mel.  Fac.  Or.  (1908),  p.  317;   (lines  7-10  reedited  by 
Littmann  in  op.  cit.  (1910),  p.  223);  A[t]oKX77ruivos  K[at  M]a^t- 

/xtavos    [2c]i8/8.     K[al   .  .  .    Ka)]v(rTavTtos    koI    [Ma^(ju]tavo9 

KatVapcs,    [At^o]v     BtopL^iovra     ay[pov]s     [87;jU,]o[o-]t[or]     Aa/oa>v     [cJk 

[tCjv    T](a)/AtaKa)[v]    2r;o^cvas    O'[jr)]pLx0rj[y']€ <^pov[Tt]St  *EX(t)ov 

[2r]aTo(v)TOv  tov  8tacr7;[/>ioraTov]. 

(3)  Z.  D.  P.  V.  XXXVI,  4  (191 3),  p.  249;  (in  part  reedited 
by  Briinnow  in  op.  cit.  XXXVII,  2(1914),  p.  151);  AtoKXryTtavo? 

KOL  Mtt^t/xiavos  ^€plS.f  Ktovo-TctvTios  Kal  Ma^i/utavos  KatVapcs <^/oov- 

TiSt  'EXtov  XrarovTOv  (tov)  Siaa-qpLoraTov  T7y(£/xovos). 

There  are  here  three  inscriptions  of  an  Aelius  Statutus 
8  laGTjpoTao^,  evidently  an  equestrian  governor.^*  One  was 
found  three  or  four  miles  west  of  Banias,  the  ancient  Caesarea- 
Philippi  or  Paneas  (i)  ;  another  at  Djermana  (2),  about  two 
miles  southeast  of  Damascus;  the  third  at  il-Kunetra,  roughly 
twenty-five  miles  northeast  of  the  Sea  of  Galilee.  As  Jala- 
bert,'"'  the  editor  of  (i)  and  (2),  says,  the  date^^  must  fall 
within  the  period  293-305.  Whether  Statutus  followed  or  pre- 
ceded Hierocles  we  do  not  know. 

These  inscriptions  have,  I  think,  some  bearing  on  the  ques- 
tion of  the  province  of  Augusta  Libanensis,  formed  under 
Diocletian,  according  to  the  Laterculus  Veronensis,"  and  in 
the  early  part  of  the  period  293/305.  The  assumption  that 
such  a  province  existed  at  all  under  Diocletian  rests  solely  on 
the  evidence  of  this  laterculus.  There  is  absolutely  no  other 
mention  of  it.  Not  even  Eusebius,  who  lived  in  that  part  of  the; 
world,  in  Palestine,  during  the  reigns  of  Diocletian  and  Con- 
stantine,  has  a  word  to  say  concerning  such  a  province.  Damas- 
cus, which  would  naturally  fall  within  its  boundaries,  is  called 


*^  As  Jalabert  points  out. 

*•' Jalabert's  study  of  the  first  two  of  these  inscriptions  has  been  ac- 
cepted by  J.  Offord  in  Pal.  Explor.  Fund  (1909),  P-  /^ff. 

**  The  names  of  the  Emperors  and  Caesars  show  the  date.  See 
Liebenam,  Fasti  pp.  118  and  119. 

""Pub.  by  Mommsen  in  K.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berl.  (1862),  p.  489ff.  See 
also  P.-W.  V,  72/ f{.,  article  by  Kornemann ;  and  Brunnow,  Arabia  III, 
pp.  253  and  271. 


61 


by  Eusebius,'^^  a  city  of  Phoenice.  Briinnow'^  himself  admits 
that  this  new  province  must  have  soon  been  reincorporated 
with  Phoenice,  certainly  at  the  latest  under  Constantine. 

Now  one  of  these  inscriptions  is  found  west  of  Paneas.  This 
place  seems  always  to  have  been  in  the  province  of  Syria  Phoe- 
nice. Such  is  the  testimony  of  Eusebius,^*^  and  of  all  the  author- 
ities,^' from  Ptolemaeus,  even  before  the  division  of  Syria  in 
194,  on  through  the  middle  of  the  sixth  century.  It  is  particu- 
larly to  be  noted  that,  while  Damascus  falls  within  the  limits  of 
the  later  province  of  Libanensis,^-  formed  in  the  last  part  of  the 
fourth  century,  Paneas  still  remained  in  Syria  Phoenice.  No 
one  has  attempted  to  show  that  the  early  Augusta  Libanensis 
was  equal  in  extent  to  the  later  Libanensis,  which  did  not  in- 
clude Paneas.^^  There  is  every  reason  then  to  believe  that 
Paneas  was  always  in  the  province  of  Phoenice.  Now  the 
inscription  (i)  comes  from  that  locality,  a  little  west  of 
Paneas.  The  governor  Statutus  then  was  evidently  governor 
of  Syria  Phoenice.  Furthermore,  the  location  of  the  other  in- 
scriptions of  this  governor,  (2)  and  (3),  show  that  Damascus 
and  the  territory  around  il-Kunetra,  southeast  of  Paneas,  also 
belonged  to  Syria  Phoenice.  If  then  the  shadowy  Augusta 
Libanensis  ever  had  an  existence,  it  can  only  have  embraced 
a  very  small  strip  from  the  extreme  southeastern  part  of  Phoe- 
nice. In  such  a  case  it  is  difficuh  to  see  why  the  province  was 
termed  Libanensis.  It  must  be  admitted,  of  course,  that  we 
have  no  complete  evidence,  covering  the  entire  reign  of  Dio- 
cletian. But  the  evidence  at  hand  puts  the  burden  of  proof 
for  the  existence  of  an  Augusta  Libanensis  entirely  upon  those 
who  believe  in  it,  and  they  have  no  proof  whatever  outside  the 
doubtful  statement  of  the  Laterculus. 

""Hist.   Eccl.  IX,  5,  2   (referring  to  the  period  311/313.     See  notes 
51  and  52)  ;  Onomasticon,  p.  76,  of  vol.  Ill  in  Gk.  Chr.  Schrifst.  der 

erst.  3  Jahrh, 
«*  Arabia  III,  p.  27?,. 
"Hist.  Eccl.  VIII,   15,  17. 
See  the  tables  in  Briinnow,  Arabia  III,  p.  259ff. 

Marq.  St.  V.  I.  p.  425- 

Emesa,  belonging  to  Phoenice  from  the  time  of  its  formation 
(Herodian  V,  3,  2),  and  still  in  that  province  in  Eusebius'  time  (Hist. 
Eccl.  IX,  6,  i),  was  placed  in  the  later  Libanensis  (Marq.  St.  V.  I.  p. 
425)  though  it  is  not  much  further  from  the  sea  coast  than  Paneas. 


63 


«1 


63 


•3 


1< 


GOVERNORS  OF  SYRIA 
Before  70  a.d.  (Notes) 

Since  the  appearance  of  the  third  and  fourth  edition  of 
Schiirer  G.  J.  V.  (1902),  not  enough  new  material  has  come 
to  light  to  justify  a  complete,  new  study  of  the  governors  of 
Syria  before  70  A.D.  A  few  additions  to  his  list  (vol.  I,  p. 
302  ff.)  may  however  be  noted. 


Domitius  Calvinus  4^/47  B.C. 

Schiirer^  thinks  that  Syria  was  left  to  itself  for  a  time  after 
the  battle  of  Pharsalus ;  but  it  seems  to  me  very  likely  that  it 
was  among  the  provinces  entrusted  to  Calvinus.^ 

C.  Fonteius  Capito  37-35  B.C. 

H.  A.  Griiber^  shows  very  reasonably  that  Capito  was  gov- 
ernor of  Syria  when  he  issued  the  coins,  under  Antony,  on 
which  he  is  styled  pro.  pr.,  and  that  this  period  was  37-35.  The 
lack  of  any  numeral  after  the  Imperatorship  of  Antony,  he 
explains,  is  not  proof  positive  that  the  first  Imperatorship  alone 
can  be  understood.* 

Pacuvius'^  22/31 

During  the  time  when  Aelius  Lamia  was  nominally  governor 
of  Syria,^  a  Pacuvius,  whom  we  find  mentioned  as  legate  of 
the  Sixth  Ferrata  at  the  end  of  19  A.D.^  very  probably  was 

*G.  J.  V.  I,  p.  309. 

'  Bellum  Alex.  34,  i  and  3 ;  z^,  2. 

'  N.  C.  (1904),  p.  195  nos.  17  and  18;  p.  204. 

*  Miinzer,  P.-W.  VI,  2847,  no.  20,  on  Capito,  does  not  note  this  work 
of  Griiber  at  all. 

°  Borghesi   V,  92.     Liebenam,   p.  2)7^- 

•  Schiirer,  G.  J.  V.  I,  p.  329.     See  Suet,  Tib.  41  and  62) ;  Jos.,  Ant. 
XVIII,  6,  5.  . 

^  Tacitus,  A.  II,  79. 

(>3 


acting  governor.  Seneca^  mentions  a  "Pacuvius  qui  Suriam 
usu  suam  fecit."  His  position  was  no  doubt  similar  to  that  held 
by  Severus  during  the  absence  of  the  governor  Publicius 
Marcellus.® 

Lucius  Popillius  Balbus  50 

C.  I.  G.  4529  and  4697b  =  I.  G.  R.  HI,  1209=  1540  =  Milne, 

Gk.  Inscr.  p.  14,  33030;  rj  povXrj  Kal  6  S^fxo<;  Aovklov  UottlWlov 
BaX/Sov,  Trpca/StvTrjv  TtjScptov  KXavhlov  KatVapos  ^e^auTOv  TtpfiaviKOv, 
Tov  Trdrpiova  t^s  ttoAcws. 

This  inscription  is  believed  to  have  come  originally  from 
Beirut.  It  is  therefore  most  naturally  to  be  considered  as  of  a 
governor  of  Syria.  Balbus  is,  to  be  sure,  simply  called  legatus ; 
but  the  simple  form  is  by  no  means  unparalleled  in  the  early 
period.  Claudius,  in  whose  reign  this  inscription  also  falls, 
is  commemorated  in  an  inscription^^  set  up  by  Annius  Afrinus, 
governor  of  Galatia,^^  who  calls  himself  "leg.  eius."  P.  Sul- 
picius  Quirinus,  circa  6  A.D.,  is  called  'iegatus  Caesaris 
Syriae."^'  Cn.  Sentius  Saturninus,  circa  21  A.D.  governor  of 
Syria,  is  termed  *1eg.  Caesaris  Augusti."^^  Ummidius  Quad- 
ratus,  governor  of  Syria  between  50  and  60,  in  an  inscription^^ 
containing  his  cursus,  is  called  "legatus  -  -  Neronis  Caesaris 
Aug.  in  Syria."  These  inscriptions  show  that  it  is  quite  pos- 
sible that  Balbus  was  governor  of  Syria. 

The  inscription  is  not  definitely  dated,  but  is  of  the  reign 
of  Claudius.  Now  Petronius  was  governor,  when  Claudius 
became  emperor,  and  was  succeeded  by  Vibius  Marsus.^'^  He 
in  turn  was  succeeded  by  Cassius  Longinus.^*^  We  last  hear  of 
Longinus  in  49.^'  Then  in  51  we  first  hear  of  Quadratus  in 
Syria,'"  who  continued  on  into  the  reign  of  Xero.^'*     For  the 

»Ep.  XII,  8. 

•Governor  of  Syria  circa  132;  p.  26. 

^•C  I.  L.  Ill,  6799. 

"  Prosop.  I,  62,  470. 

"C.  I.  L.  Ill,  6687. 

^'€.  I.  L.  Ill,  6703. 

^*C.  I.  L.  X,  5182. 

^■^Jos.,  Ant.  XIX,  6,4. 

^*Jos.,  Ant.  XX,  I,  I. 

"Tacitus,  A.  XII,  11  and  12.     Schiirer,  G.  J.  V.  I,  p.  334- 

^Tacitus,  A.  XII,  45- 

'•  Schiirer,  G.  J.  V.  I,  p.  335- 

64 


V 


year  50  then  no  governor  is  known,  so  in  that  year  we  may 
place  Balbus.  The  short  duration  of  his  term  would  account 
for  the  failure  of  Josephus  and  Tacitus  to  mention  him. 

Ummidius  Quadratus 

Ummidius  Quadratus  is  mentioned  as  governor  of  Syria,  on 
a  new  inscription  dated  in  56  A.D.     A.  E.  (1907),  194. 

UNCERTAIN  GOVERNORS  OF  UNCERTAIN 

TIME 

Syria 

I.  G.  R.  Ill,  1000  (Samosata).     Very  fragmentary. 
[I.   G.   R.   Ill,   1211]    (Gaza).     Index    (p.   618)    lists  this 
inscription  as  referring  to  a  governor  of  Syria,  without  reason. 
C.  I.  L.  Ill,  14387  ee  and  t.  (Baalbek). 
¥1,3841. 
IX,  3426. 
XIII,  2662. 

Syria  Code 
C.I.  L.  111,6823  (Yalowadj). 
XI,  599- 

Syria  Phoenice 

C.  I.  L.  Ill,  185  (Aradus). 

Ill,  125  (Zorava).    It  is  very  doubtful  if  this  Theo- 

phanes  was  governor. 

Syria 
False  Inscriptions 

*  M.  Vettius  M.  f.  Sabinianus  v.  c.    C.  I.  L.  VI,^  2960. 
Hopelessly  false  inscription. 

*  L.  Minicius  Fundanus.    C.  I.  L.  VI,^  3205. 
Consul  suff.  in   107.     Proconsul  of  Asia  in   124  or   125. 

Hence  he  would  be  governor  of  Syria  in  the  period  107/124, 
if  the  inscription  were  good.    Unfortunately  it  has  small  claim 

to  genuineness. 

I 

*  Prosop.  II,  377,  433- 

65 


-.  1 


^      4 


PROCURATORS  OF  SYRIA 

Q.  Octavius  L.  F.  C.  n.  T.  pron.  Ser.  Sagitta 

I  B.C./14  A.D. 

(i)  M.  R.  I.  XXVII  (1912),  p.  304,  15;  Q.  Octavius 
L.  f.  C.  n.  T.  pron.  Ser.  Sagitta,  II  vir  quinq.  Ill,  praef. 
fab.,  prae.  equi.,  trib.  mil.  a  populo,  procurat.  Caesaris  Au- 
gusti  in  Vindalicis  et  Raetis  et  in  Wille  Poenina  per  annos 
nil,  et  in  Hispania  provincia  per  annos  X,  et  in  Suria  bien- 
nium.     (Castellvecchio  Subequo.) 

(2)  C.  I.  L.  IX,  331 1  ;  Q.  Octavio  L.  f.  Sagittae,  quinq.  II, 
pagus  Boedinus.     (Castelvecchio  Subequo.) 

(3)  Notizie  (1898),  p.  75  ;  Q.  Octavius  L.  f.  S[agitta,  quinq. 
II?]  sacras  basilica[s  restituendas]  et  novas  facien[das,  item 
forum?]  reficiendum,  via[mque  ad  templum]  Romae  et  Au- 
gusti  Ca[esaris' curavit].     (Castelvecchio  Subequo.) 

Sagitta  was  evidently  a  procurator  of  Augustus,  as  the  ex- 
pression ''Caesar  Augustus"  (i)  (3),  shows.  The  inscription 
(i)  is  in  the  ascending  order.  Now  since  Raetia  and  Nori- 
cum  came  under  Roman  sway  by  15  B.C.,-  a  simple  calculation, 
based  on  the  number  of  years  in  that  province  and  in  Spain, 
shows  that  he  cannot  have  been  procurator  in  Syria  before 
I  B.C.  Hence  his  term  falls  between  i  B.C.  and  14  A.D.,  the 
year  of  the  death  of  Augustus.^ 

It  is  quite  possible  that  Octavius  Sagitta,  mentioned  by 
Tacitus,*  was  a  descendant  of  this  Sagitta.  If  so,  the  family 
had  been  raised  to  the  senatorial  order.  We  find  also  men- 
tion of  a  f reedman'^  of  the  family. 

*  The  Notizie  does  not  supply  the  name,  but  it  seems  pretty  certain. 
'Schiller  and  Voigt,  Rom.  Altertiimer   (ed.  2)   in   Miiller.     H.  Buch 

IV,  2,  p.  183. 
'  Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  103. 
*A.  XIII,  44;  H.  IV,  44. 
»C  I.  L.  IX,  3035. 

(Note  on  Sagitta,  governor  in  Raetia.)  Sagitta  is  evidently  an  earlier 
procurator-governor  than  any  yet  known  for  Raetia.  The  conclusion 
of  M.  B.  Peaks  (Gen.  Civ.  and  Mil.  Adm.  of  Nor.  and  Raetia,  p.  165), 

66 


\ 


Statilius  18/19 

I.  G.  R.  Ill,  1056,  IVa,  1.  42ff.  (p.  398);  -  -  Tep^mvLKOv  KatVa- 
/30S  Slol  Tijs  7r/)os  2raTctA.t[o»'  CTriO-JroA^?  8tacra<^ i;(ravT05 .     (p.  399) *> 

-  -  quemadmodum  etiam  Germanictis  Caesar  in  epistola, 
scripta  ad  Statilium,  explicuit.     (Palmyra). 

Statilius  was  probably  a  procurator^  of  Syria  under  Ger- 
manicus,  hence  in  18/19  A.D.^ 

Barbarus  60/63 

I.  G.  R.  Ill,  1056,  IVa,  1.  56ff.  (p.  398);  --u)?  Kal  KovpfiovXwv 
6   KpaTLdTO^   i(Tr}p.nji)(raTO   iv  rrj  irposi   Hapfiapov   kTnaroXrj.      (p.    399)  5 

— sicut  sanxit  egregius  Corbulo  in  epistola  quam  scripsit  ad 
Barbarum. 

Barbarus  was  probably  procurator®  of  Syria  during  Cor- 
bulo's  term,  60-63  A.D.^ 

?   C.  Plinius  Secundus  Circa  70 

I.  G.  R.  Ill,  IOI5  \  [*Apa8iW]  17  pov\[r]  Kttt  o  8i7/u.os ]tViov 

'^tKOxv^hov  €7ra/3];(OV  CTTTCtprys  [0]/3a[KU)v  irpJoirT;?,  iTrap\ov\€iXr]Si~\ 

,  (ov,  avTtirLTpo^TToy  Ti^c/aibjv  lovXiov  AA.[c]^[av8pov  C7r]ap;j(0v  [tJov  *Iov- 
Sat[Kov  (TTpaTOv,  CTTtrJ/aoTTOV  2vp[cas,  iirap^oy  iv  AtyvTrrJo)  Acytcuyos 
£[1x00^7175  SevTc'pas]. 

This  inscription,  if  the  opinion  of  Mommsen^^  is  correct, 
is  of  Pliny  the  Elder.  Miinzer^^  has  doubted  this ;  but  Do- 
maszewski^-  accepts  it,  and  shows  that  the  career  is  quite 
normal.  The  position  in  Judaea  was  no  doubt  held  during 
the  rebellion, ^'^  so  that  his  procuratorship  would  be  dated 
about  70,  or  soon  after. 

that  Raetia  was  at  first  governed  by  a  praef ectus  (Hirschfeld,  Ver- 
waltungsbeamten,  p.  39off.)  seems  therefore  to  be  incorrect,  for  the 
praef  ectus  cited  by  her  (op.  cit.  p.  185)  is  evidently  later  than  Sagitta. 

*  So  thinks  Hirschfeld,  Verwaltungsbeamten  p.  90,  i. 

^  Prosop.   II,   179. 

'  Hirschfeld,  Verwaltungsbeamten  p.  90,  i,  also  thinks  so. 

"  Schurer,  G.  J.  V.  I,  p.  335. 

'"Hermes  XIX  (1884),  p.  644. 

"B.  J.  CIV  (1899),  p.  103. 

"»Rangord.  p.  152.    Rh.  M.  LVIII  (1903),  p.  225,  n.  i. 

"  See  the  cursus  of  Ti.  Julius  Alexander,  Prosop.  II,  164,  92. 

67 


VI 


Aemilius  luncus  Circa  loo 

B.  S.  N.  A.  (1902),  p.  341  =  A.  E.  (1903),  116  =  R.  B. 
(1905),  p.  570;  Aemilio  [I]unco  [p]roc.  Aug.     (Beirut). 

Juncus  was  procurator  of  Syria  at  an  unknown  time.  Per- 
haps he  was  the  father  of  AemiHus  Juncus,  consul  in  127,  as 
the  editors  note.  The  fact  that  the  latter  was  a  citizen  and 
benefactor  of  Tripolis  in  Phoenice  may  increase  the  probability 
of  relationship.!*  In  that  case  Juncus  would  be  procurator  at 
about  the  beginning  of  the  second  century. 

Eudaemon?  1 17/138 

(i)  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  431.  (Cf.  71 16  and  13674);  .  .  .  Proc. 
[Imp.]  Caesaris  Traiani  Hadriani  [pro]c.  addioecesin  Alex- 
andr.,  [pjroc.  bibHothecar.  (iraec.  et  Latin.,  ab  epistulis  Graec, 
proc.  Lye.  |||  Pamp.  Galat.  Paph.  Pisid.  Pont  ||,  proc.  heredit., 
et  proc.  pro[vin]ciae  Asiae,  proc.  Syriae.  Hermes  Aug.  lib. 
adiut.  eius.  h.  c. 

(2)  l.G.R.  Ill,  i077  =  C.  LL.  Ill,  7116;   [^ /3ov\^  Ka]!  6 

^^7/^09 LfxovLj  tTTLTpoTTw  [AvTOKpaTopo?  K]atVa/309  Tpauivov' ASpui- 

vov  2c^a<r]TOV   cVt  StotKT/o-cws  ['AAc^ai/Spcia?  eVjtrpoTru)  f3L[/3]\Lo0r)Kw[v 
p<i)fiaLKU)v  TC   /cat    tXjXrjvtKwvy    iwl  iTriaToXwv   IWtjvlkwv eTriT/ofoVcu 

2v/Dtas]  -  -  -  .     (Beirut). 

The  man  commemorated  by  these  inscriptions  was  procurator 
of  Syria  in  Hadrian's  reign.  From  the  remainder  of  the  name 
—  i/xovi  (2),  HirschfekP'  concluded,  reasonably  enough,  that 
he  was  the  Eudaemon'*'  who  was  high  in  Hadrian's  favor  for 
a  time.'^ 

Cn.  Marcius  Rustius  Rufinus 

Under  Commodus? 

i)  C.  I.  L.  X,  1 127;  Cn.  Ma[rcio]  Cn.  f.  Stel.  Rust[io 
Rufino]  praef.  class.  pr[aet.  Misen.],  praef.  class.  Rav[enn., 
proc]  Aug.  prov.  Syria [e  .  .  .  trib.]  coh.  I  praet.,  tri[b.  coh. 
XI  ur]ban.,  trib.  coh.  \T  [\"ig. 

Ruiinus  was  praef.  vigikmi  205-207.1^    Before  that,  but  after 

"  I.  G.  IV/  622. 

"  Friedlander,  Sittengesch.  I,*'  p.  187. 

''Vita  Hadriani  15,  3. 

"  For  treatment  of  the  cursns  of  these  inscriptions  see  Domaszewski, 
Rangord.  p.  202ff. 

"  E.  E.  VII,  1204  and  1205.     C.  I.  L.  VI,  1056. 

68 


• 


'F 


198  he  was  praepositus  annonae.^^  This  office  was  apparently 
an  irregular  one,  for  the  regular  title  is  praefectus  annonae.^^ 
To  this  may  be  due  the  fact  that  he  is  entitled  praepositus 
annonae  Imp.  L.  Septimi  Severi  Pii  Pertinac.  et  M.  Aurelii 
Antonini  Augg.  But  it  is  equally  possible  that  the  emperors 
are  mentioned  because  this  office  was  the  first  one  held  by 
him  under  the  new  regime.  If  this  is  so,  then  the  prefectures  of 
the  fleets,-^  and  the  procuratorship  of  Syria  (i),  listed  in 
descending  order,  must  of  course  be  dated  before  the  reign 
of  Severus.  This  would  mean  placing  the  procuratorship  of 
Syria,  at  least,  in  the  reign  of  Commodus.  It  is  however 
possible  that  Rufinus  was  procurator  of  Syria  Coele  after  the 
division  of  Syria  in  194.--  A  glance  at  inscription  (i)  shows 
that  there  is  space  after  "Syria [e  ..."  which  "Coeles"  would 
nicely  fill. 

Name  unknown       Probably  second  C. 

C.  I.  L.  Ill,  183;  Fines  positi  inter  Caesarenses  ad  Libanum 
et  Gigartenos,  de  vico  Sidonior.,  iussu  ||||||||{||  pro[c.  Aug.] 
per  Dom[itum .     (Museiliha). 

The  procurator's  name  has  been  erased.  From  the  general 
appearance  of  the  inscription  we  may  infer  that  he  probably 
belonged  to  the  second  century. 

PROCURATORS  FOR  PARTICULAR 
SERVICES  IN  SYRIA 

M.  Claudius  Q.  f.  Quir  Restitutus      Second  C. 

C.    I.    L.    VIII,    7039;  -  -  proc.^  -  -  ad    putandas    rationes 
Syriae  civitatium.- 

C.  Valerius  Quir.  Fuscus  Second  C. 

C.  I.  L.  VI,  1633;  -  -  proc.^  a[d]  XX  p[e]r  Syriam  -  -  . 

*' C.  I.  L.  IX,  1582.    The  omission  of  froc.  Syriae  is  very  curious. 

^  De  Ruggiero  I,  p.  478. 

'^C.  I.  L.  IX,  1582;  and  (i). 

^See  under  The  Division  of  Syria,  p.  S/ff. 

^  Liebenam,  Die  Procur.  p.  97. 

*  Xote  that  Pactumeus  Clemens  circa  135  held  a  position  very  like 
this,  but  as  praetorian  legate  of  Hadrian.     C.  I.  L.  VIII,  7059. 

^  Liebenam,  Die  Procur.,  pp.  6^  and  95.  Domaszewski,  Rangord. 
p.  162. 

69 


i 


PROCURATORS  OF  SYRIA  COELE 

?  Zosimio  253/260 

Vita  Claudii  14,  2;  Epistola  Valeriani  ad  Zosimionem,  pro- 
curatorem  Syriae.  -  - 

It  is  not  at  all  certain  that  there  is  any  history^  in  this  sec- 
tion of  the  Vita ;  but  we  note  Zosimio  as  a  possibility. 

Aelius  lanuarius 

Third  C,  second  half. 

C.  I.  L.  II,  4135;  Ael.  lanuario  proc.  hereditat[ium],  proc. 
Chosdroe[nes,   proc]    Syriae   Coeles,    [proc]    vect.   Illyric[or 

]    prov.   Hispa[niae  Cite]rioris  Tarrac[on.,  prae]sidi 

prov.  Ting  [it.,  praesi]di  prov.  Mau[ret.  Caesariensis 

It  seems  to  be  the  general  opinion  that  Januarius  was  of 
the  time  of  Diocletian,-  but  there  are  no  real  arguments  to 
establish  this  view  or  to  make  it  probable.  Too  little  is  known 
of  Osrohene,  to  date  the  inscription  as  Liebenam"^  does.  So  far 
as  concerns  the  praesides  of  the  African  provinces,  it  is  cer- 
tain* that  the  simple  title  praeses  is  found  as  early  as  22"]  in 
a  cursus  inscription ;  and  by  254  in  a  non-cursus  inscription.^ 
We  may  then  place  Januarius  in  the  second  half  of  the  third 
century.^ 

PROCURATORS  OF  SYRIA   PHOENICE 

Septimius  Vorodes    Dec  262-Apr.  267 

I.  G.  R.  Ill,  1040  *,  2€7rTt[/xtov  OvopwSrjv  toJv  KpancrTov  €7rt'Tpo7r[ov 
iScySacToC  8JovKr;va/oiov,  'lovAios  Avp>;[Aios  Nc^JaySaAos  2oa8ov  rov 
At[paj,    <TTpaTr)y6<i    rrjq    Xa/xirpoTaTrjs    KoAa>v<tas    [t]ok    iavTot     <f>L\ov 

tci/utJs  evcKcv,  ctovs  ^o<I}\  ixrjv€L  ATTcAAato).     (Palmyra). 
Cf.  nos.  1041-1045  incl.,  of  this  same  man. 
Vorodes  was  a  procurator  ducenarius.     It  would  seem  that 

^  Peter,  Gesch.  Litt.  rom.  Kzeit  II,  pp.  339  and  340. 
'  Pallu  de  Lessert,  Pastes  Prov.  Afr.  II,  p.  353. 
'  Die  Procur.  pp.  25  and  39. 

*  Pallu  de  Lessert  op.  cit.  I,  p.  507. 

*  Op.  cit.  I,  p.  520. 

*  The  name  Aelius  lanuarius  is  quite  common ;  but  no  other  inscrip- 
tion cah  be  assigned  to  this  procurator.  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  1386;  3310;  3347; 
12567;  VIII,  20425  b;  IX,  1410;  X,  1742;  E.  E.  VIII,  217;  325;  A.  E. 
(1911),  181. 

70 


< 


he  was  procurator  of  Syria  Phoenice ;  but  a  ''ducenarius"^  for 
that  province  is  not  likely.  Possibly  this  was  given  him  as  title 
for  a  special  position  in  Palmyrene  affairs,  by  the  Roman  gov- 
ernment.* The  inscriptions  give  the  dates  Dec  262  to  April 
267. 

Name  Unknown  Third  C? 

P.  A.  E.  S.  Ill,  A,  655  =  I.  G.  R.  Ill,  1 129  ; cVir>o7rov 

[tov   2]c/8(a(rTOi}),     to    KOtvo[v]    dyvo)?     C7rt[Ta]^avTa    tci/ui7}[s]    X^P^^- 

(Aere). 

A  procurator  of  Syria,  or  more  probably  of  Syria  Phoenice, 
since  the  building  in  which  the  inscription  was  found  is  dated 
in  191,  is  here  commemorated.    Syria  was  divided  in  194.^ 

Name  Unknown  Third  C? 

P.    A.    E.    S.      Ill,    A,    655^     V    ....     TO     KOt[v(ov)]    ALprj[cT(LiOv)'] 

iTTLTpOTTOv  t[oJv   ^€^(aaTOv)   T€ifj.ys  X^pf-V'      (Aere). 

This  inscription,  found  in  the  same  place  as  the  one  pre- 
ceding, probably  also  commemorates  a  procurator  of  Syria 
Phoenice. 

Antonius  Theodorus    Age  of  Diocletian 

I.  G.  R.    I,    121  I  ;   'Avrwvtos   (d€.6huipo<i    6   Sta(77;/x[oTaTO?]  kq^oAikos 

[t^S   AlyVTTTOV   KOl]   ^0LVLK7J<i,   TToXtTT/S   €V  TYj   Pa(rL\[€VOV(Tr)]    VuipLYl,    XPoVo) 

7ro\Xa>  SiarpLxl/as  kol  to,  €K€l  $avfjui'r[a~\  ctSov  /cat  to.  ivravda. 

If  the  restoration  of  this  inscription  is  correct,  Theodorus 
was  a  procurator  of  Syria  Phoenice.  It  is  referred,  from  the 
term   KaOoXiKo^  to  Diocletian's  time.*^ 

*  On  these  procurators  see  Hirschfeld,  Verwaltnngsbeamten  p.  435^- 
and  Domaszewski,  Rangord.  p.  I49ff. 

'  Sallet,  Die  Fiirsten  von  Palmyra,  p.  11,  to  which  Hirschfeld  (op.  cit. 
p.  436)  refers  on  Vorodes,  I  have  not  been  able  to  consult. 

'See  The  Division  of  Syria,  p.  S.-ff. 

-  Hirschfeld,  Verwaltungsbeamten  p.  36ff.    Daremberg-Saglio  IV,  814. 


71 


( 


THE  SEPARATION  OF  CILICIA 

AND  SYRIA 

After  Antiochus  had  been  deposed,  in  ^2,  by  Paetus  the 
governor  of  Syria,  his  kingdom,  Commagene,  was  added  to 
the  province  of  Syria/  A  large  part  of  CiHcia,  especially  of 
Cilicia  Trachea,  which  had  been  under  his  sway,  was  now 
of  course  taken  away.-  The  problem  is  to  find  out  what  was 
done  with  this  land.  Now  the  Eastern  part,  Cilicia  Campestris 
had  for  long  been,  and  still  was,  at  this  time  included  in  the 
province  of  Syria.^  According  to  Suetonius,  Vespasian  'Tra- 
chiam*  Ciliciam  et  Commagenem  dicionis  regiae  usque  ad  id 
tempus,  in  provinciarum  formam  redegit."^  The  passage  un- 
fortunately leaves  it  doubtful  whether  new  separate  provinces 
were  formed  or  not.  Marquardt,  however,  was  inclined  to 
believe  from  this  that  Vespasian  made  Cilicia  a  separate  prov- 
ince.^ In  his  second  edition^  on  the  evidence  of  an  inscription 
published  by  Henzen,^  he  put  the  formation  of  the  province 
of  Cilicia  later,  under  Trajan  or  Hadrian.'*  This  inscription, 
which  gives  the  cursus  of  the  athlete  Flavins  Artemidorus^^ 

'  Marq.,  St.  V.  I,  p.  399. 

V6.,  note  8;  also  p.  384!?. 

'  Marq.,  St.  V.  I,  p.  387.  Jos.  (B.  J.  VII,  3,  §238)  shows  pretty  clearly, 
from  the  fact  that  Paetus  sent  troops  from  Syria  to  Tarsus  to  arrest 
Antiochus,  that  Eastern  Cilicia  belonged  to  Syria.  De  Ruggiero  s.  v. 
Cilicia  (p.  231)  does  not  think  the  deduction  necessary. 

*  Reading  of  M.  Ihm's  ed.  of  1907.  Cf.  Marq.,  St.  V.  I,  p.  313,  n  8 
Often  read  "Thracia." 

'Vesp.  8,  4. 

"  St.  V.  r,  p.  229ff. 

^  Op.  cit.  ed.  2,  I,  p.  387,  n.  10. 

•Bull,  dell  Inst.  (1887),  p.  no  =  I.  G.  R.  I,  445.  The  editors  of 
I.  G.  iR.  remark  on  this  inscription :  "Xota  trium  provinciarum  legatos, 
Syriae,  Ciliciae,  Phoeniciae,  in  unum  concilium  eo  tempore  convenisse." 
This  note  seems  to  me  meaningless.  Certainly  there  was  no  province 
of  Phoenicia  at  this  time,  or  any  legate  of  it. 

•So  too  Kiepert,  Atlas  (1910)  VIII,  p.  2. 

*"  P.-W.  VI,  2533,  no.  46. 


72 


The  assumption  n,ade  JtL  ba  iT'of  7'"'''  '^  ''''"''^«'^- 
Cilicia  was  still  attached  to  SvriaTsd  A  n  '"""P^'^"'  ^^at 
Ijy  Fr.  Cuniont »    h.  .  ^'^^  ^^^  been  refuted 

games,  in  which  he  h;,d  ,  "T    °™'    Lap.tohne  victory,  mentions 

ologicll  order     Those  at  a"  r'u  "'*'  ""'^  '"^^^'"^  '^^  '^hr- 
years  before  '  To  thU  '^  ""'^  ''''"  ^^''^  'aken  place 

suchga„,esat  Antioc  ImrhtT  ''1/™"  Mommsen.'^'that 
tinued  after  thTuZll^^  ""  ?.'^  '"^^^-^  ^'"'^  been  con- 

.oes  on  to  .it^^:^  ^ i^^o^  S^'^^^-a  '-^' 
scription.^'-^     In  it  we  finrl   .   ^'    r  ,^^^^^^  ^^^^  ^  new  m- 

calied   -'leg.   Aug!    ToU     Slic L"  '"\S'"  P^'T^^""^ 

Cun,o„t  dates  the  howling  of  II  o^Tg^Sofof^rr- 
before  96  certainly,  and  probably  before  02  On  t,  S  ' 
he  goes  back,  for  the  formation  of  th?  I  '^"^'"" 

when  Vespasian  took  the  la^  from  AnSuO:  W'""^ 
hng-  evidently  agrees  with  Cumont's  view  "^^  ^'""■ 

Recently,  however,  Domaszewski-  has  asserted  th.t  ry  ■ 
renianied  a  oart  of  ^^rri,  .      .      ,  asserted  that  Cihcia 

^e  .         ^otwKiyt,   Ko/i^ayevT)'!,  Tvpov  '■  before  rr,r    ^ 

Of  course  that  bv  that  tim^  r;r;  '  "  °5,  proves 

Syria.  Domaszewsk  app  ren^r'b  T  "°u  '°"^^'"  P^"  '' 
Marquardt.  would  put^leTeSon'rf  '''  ''"  "^"  °^ 
in  the  early  part  of  TraanTrTn      O  '?°^"'"^'  '^^"" 

prised  to  find  such  a  chan'e  takin.  n^  "f  •"'"  '^  ^"'- 
when  Trajan,  after  his  la  e  return  to  Ro  """^  ^'^  ^™^ 
occupied  with  the  conquest  ofDacir  Zl  '^V"'  ""'^'' 
tation  of  the  office  held  by  Po  emaeanus  s  '      "  '''''''"'- 

wrong.    In  the  first  place^the  oSHflT 'C^: '^n^t 

7.  O.  A.  I.  X  (1907),  p.  306. 

„  ^angord.  p.  ,72,  and  note  13. 

A.   E.    (1905)     122      Pf    a     •    -1 

Frankel,  Inschr,  von  Perg   11  '   T,   n    ""'"'^1^°"'   ^"^out   T,(^„,   ;„ 

*•     '-  P-  30!.  no.  4.37.Cf.  above  p.  17. 


11 

la 
u 

14 

15 
16 


73 


^  u 


title  is  by  no  means  necessarily  significant.  Other  cases  are 
found  where  a  governor  is  certainly  meant.^^  In  the  second 
place  the  presence  of  the  word  ''provincia"  with  ''Cilicia'"  is 
quite  decisive.  Surely  it  must  mean  that  the  independent 
province  had  been  formed.^^  Fortunately  we  have  here  the 
help  of  another  inscription,^^  which  seems  to  have  been  over- 
looked.    It  was  found  at  Seleucia,  Cilicia,  and  refers  to  the 

building  of   a   bridge    Sta  A.  'OKraoviov  Mc/xopo?,  Trpiapivroi   Kol  dv 
TLaTpaTtjyovj  viraTOv  aTroScScty/xcVov.      The    date    is    /^    Or    78    A.D. 

This  is  the  full  title  of  a  praetorian  governor.*^ 

On  the  evidence  of  this  inscription  and  that  of  Polemaeanus 
we  are  surely  justified  in  concluding  that,  in  yj  or  78  A.D., 
Cilicia  existed  as  an  independent  province. -- 


18 


C.  I.  L.  Ill,  6687;  Quirinus,  circa  6  A.D.,  is  called  "legatus  Caesaris 
Syriae."  X,  5182;  Quadratus,  died  in  60,  "leg.  Ti.  Caesaris  Aug.  prov. 
Lusit.,  leg.  Divi  Claudi  in  Illyrico.  eiusdem  et  Xeronis  Caesaris  Aug. 
in  Syria."  C.  I.  L.  VIII,  6706;  Q.  Lollius  Urbicus,  "leg.  Aug.  provinc. 
Germ.  Inferioris"  was,  no  doubt,  governor  under  Hadrian. 

'*A  still  different  view,  apparently  a  compromise  between  the  views 
of  Marquardt  and  Domaszewski  and  that  of  Cumont,  is  given  by 
Sandys,  Comp.  to  Latin  Stud.  (1910)  p.  403;  "Vespasian  probably  re- 
constituted Cilicia  as  a  separate  province  in  A.D.  74,  consisting  of 
C.  Trachea.  C.  Campestris  was  added  perhaps  by  Hadrian."  That  Ha- 
drian added  Campestris  is  a  necessary  inference  from  Dig.  XXII,  5, 
3,  I,  where  the  "provincia  Cilicia"  is  ipentioncd ;  with  perhaps  some 
consideration  of  C.  I.  L.  HI,  13625,  which  gives  a  governor  of  Cilicia 
in  121.  Evidently  Sandys  has  missed  the  significance  of  the  inscriptions 
of  Quadratus,  to  one  of  which  Domaszewski  called  attention.  More- 
over, if  the  view  that  Trachea. was  a  separate  province  is  held,  the 
inscription  mentioned,  found  in  Trachea  west  of  the  Lanus  (Forbiger, 
Geogr.  II,  p.  272)  has  no  proof  for  the  adding  of  Cilicia  Campestris. 
Then  the  Digest  passage  contains  the  selfsame  term  which  is  found  in 
the  inscription  of  Polemaeanus,  "provincia  Cilicia."  So  then  the  main 
proof,  which  Sandys  apparently  uses  for  the  adding  of  Campestris,  may 
just  as  well  apply  to  the  time  of  the  Flavians. 

For  the  formation  of  the  province  Cilicia  Trachea  by  Vespasian, 
Sandys  must  have  used  the  passage  of  Suetonius  (note  4  and  above) 
which  shows  that  Cilicia  Trachea,  if  Trachea  in  the  text  is  correct,  was 
put  under  provincial  government.  But  Commagene,  which  was  cer- 
tainly not  made  an  independent  province,  is  mentioned  in  the  same  con- 
nection, so  that  it  is  not  possible  to  conclude  that  Trachea  was  then 
formed  as  a  province  distinct  from  Campestris. 

=^'1.  G.  R.  Ill,  840. 

^  The  Ijiraros  d-jrodedeiyfi^voi  shows  this.  Cilicia  has  always  been  re- 
garded a  praetorian  province  under  the  empire.  This  inscription  shows 
that  it  was  so  from  the  beginning. 

^  See  above,  and  notes   11   and   12. 

74 


The  territory  which  this  province  included,  however,  may 
have  been  Cilicia  Trachea  alone.  That  is  all  that  can  be 
inferred  from  the  location  of  the  inscription  of  Memor.  Should 
Campestris  also  be  included  in  the  new  province?  I  think 
it  should.  Now  we  have  shown  that  the  inscription  of  Arte- 
midorus  contains  no  satisfactory  evidence  that  Cilicia,  or  any 
part  of  it,  remained  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  governor  of 
Syria  in  the  year  86  or  later.  With  the  exception  of  this 
inscription  there  is  no  proof  of  any  kind  that  Cilicia  Campestris 
remained  a  part  of  Syria.  If  we  look  at  the  evidence  for  its 
incorporation  with  Trachea,  it  is  clear  that,  as  has  been  noted 
above,  no  part  of  Cilicia  belonged  to  Syria  in  the  year  105.-^ 
Sometime  before  this  therefore,  but  after  72,-''  Campestris  must 
have  been  taken  from  Syria. 

Now  the  new  province  was  under  a  praetorian  governor,^^ 
but  without  a  legion.^^  There  was  a  number  of  such  provinces 
in  the  empire ;  but  I  can  find  no  praetorian  province  so  small 
in  extent,  with  so  few  important  cities,  and  so  insignificant  in 
general,  as  the  province  of  Cilicia  would  here  have  been  if  it 
included  only  Cilicia  Trachea.  The  province  of  Lycia  and 
Pamphylia,  probably  the  nearest  to  it  in  point  of  size,  was 
considerably  larger.-^  Even  some  of  the  provinces  governed 
by  procurators,  Thrace  for  example,  would  surely  surpass  it 
in  importance.  It  would  not  be  unnatural  therefore  to  expect 
a  procurator  for  such  a  province  rather  than  a  legate.  If,  on 
the  other  hand,  this  province  included  also  Campestris,  a  terri- 
tory larger  and  more  fertile  than  Trachea,^^  and  having  the 
important  city  of  Tarsus,  it  would  not  be  at  all  surprising  to 
find  it  governed  by  a  praetorian. 

Again— an  indication  is  afforded  by  the  political-geographical 
situation.  When  Vespasian  had  deprived  Antiochus  of  his 
kingdom,  there  were  at  least  two  large  tracts  of  land  to  ar- 
range under  Roman  rule,  Commagene  and  Cilicia  Trachea.-^ 
To  join  both  to  the  province  of  Syria  would  be  to  create  a 
province  geographically  unwieldy,  and  perhaps  politically  dan- 

"  See  above,  note  17. 

^  See  above,  p.  72. 

^'' See  above,  and  note  21. 

^Domaszewski,  Rangord.  p.  I73- 

*' Kiepert,  Atlas  VIII   (1910),  p.  i. 

"*  Forbiger,  Geogr.  II,  p.  272flF. 

*  See  p.  72. 


75 


gerous.  The  natural  thing  to  do  was  to  join  Commagene  to 
Syria,  and  this  Vespasian  did.'"  Trachea,  as  we  have  seen,  was 
put  under  a  praetorian  governor.'^^  Is  it  not  then  most  reason- 
able to  suppose  that,  in  this  readjustment,  to  balance  the  addi- 
tion of  Commagene  to  Syria,  Cilicia  Campestris  was  taken 
from  Syria  and  combined  with  Trachea,  to  which  it  was  joined 
by  nature,  and  by  man  many  years  before  it  came  under  Roman 
control?  It  is  quite  noticeable  also  that,  with  such  an  arrange- 
ment Syria  had  about  the  same  extent  as  before,  but  was  much 
more  compact,  and  could  doubtless  be  better  managed. 

A  further  significant  fact  seems  to  me  to  be  the  founding  of  a 
new  city  Flaviopolis,  by  \'espasian,  in  Cilicia  Campestris/"^- 
This  fact  clearly  indicates  that  changes  and  rearrangements 
were  being  carried  on  in  East  Cilicia,  as  well  as  in  Commagene 
and  Cilicia  Trachea.  And  the  time  of  the  founding  is  espe- 
cially noteworthy;  it  was  in  the  year  following  the  deposing 
of  Antiochus,  i.e.  in  y^^-""^  Does  it  not  look  as  if  this  were  part 
of  a  general  readjustment  of  Cilician  affairs?  I  think  it 
does.  And,  I  believe.  Head  was  right  in  his  suggestion  that  the 
era  of  Flaviopolis  was  also  the  era  of  the  new  province  of 
Cilicia."^     It  has  been  shown  that  Campestris  must  have  been 

bee  p.  yz. 

^^  See  above,  note  21. 

"Kiepert,  Atlas  VIII  (1910),  p.  19. 

^  See  note  34. 

'*  Hist.  Num.,  index  p.  945,  s.  anno  73-74-  The  era  is  given  variously  as 
of  7z  or  74  A.D,  Eckhel  III,  56  gives  the  year  74;  Head,  op.  cit.,  p.  720, 
72>  or  74  A.D.;  Macdonald,  Hunt.  Coll.  II  (1901),  p.  s?^t,,  74  A.D. ;  B.  M.- 
C.  Lycaonia  p.  CVII,  74  A.D.  Imhoof-Blumer,  Kleinasiatische  Miinzen 
II,  p.  445,  has  collected  the  evidence  for  fixing  the  era,  and  concludes 
that  it  began  in  73/74  or  74/75.  He  doubts  the  evidence  of  two  coins 
which,  if  accepted,  would  fix  the  beginning  of  the  era  in  73/74.  A  coin 
of  Antoninus  Pius  (Babelon,  Invent.  Wadd.  in  R.  X.  (i8'>8)  II,  p.  165, 
no.  4286)  is  dated  er.  Sir  —  89.  Imhoof-Blumer  considers  it  a  mis- 
reading for  67r.  If  correct  it  gives  us,  'by  the  era  73/74,  161/162  A.D. 
Antoninus  died  on  March  7,  i6r,  so  the  coin  would  probably  have  been 
struck  some  little  time  after  his  death.  This  is  not  at  all  impossible, 
considering  the  distance  from  Rome  to  Flaviopolis.  In  Egypt  many 
papyri  are  found  dated,  months  after  an  emperor's  death,  as  in  his 
reign  (Wilcken,  Gk.  Ostr.  T,  p.  8ooff).  A  coin  of  Elaga])alus  (Mionnet, 
Suppl.  VII,  p.  213,  no.  244)  dated  149,  can  only  be  satisfactorily  placed 
by  the  use  of  an  era  73/74. 

J.  H.  S.  Suppl.  II  (1892),  p.  28,  no.  29:  p.  2T,  no.  27  —  I.  G.  R.  Ill, 
817  and  818,  contains  two  inscriptions  dated  by  the  era  of  the  province. 

76 


i 


i 


included  in  Cilicia  before  105.^^  What  date  is  more  suitable 
for  this  than  the  time  when  alone  we  have  evidence  for  changes 
not  only  in  Western  but  also  in  Eastern  Cilicia? 

All  indications  then  go  to  show  that  the  two  halves  of 
Cilicia  are  not  to  be  considered  as  distinct  up  to  the  reign  of 
Trajan,  but  as  parts  of  one  new  province  formed  by  \'es- 
pasian  in  '/2>- 

Unfortunately  nothing  in  their  content  gives  us  a  clue  to  their  dates,  so 
that  the  era  used  can  not  be  ascertained. 

The  year  of  the  rearrangement  in  Cilicia  is  taken  by  Marquardt  (St. 
V.  I,  p.  3S4ff.)  to  be  74,  based  on  Hieron.  Chron.,  sixth  year  of  Ves- 
pasian. The  statement  there  given  is  however  only  a  general  summary. 
Commagene's  incorporation  with  Syria  is  put  under  the  same  year, 
though,  as  is  certain,  its  provincial  era  began  in  71/72  (Eckhel  III, 
253;  B.  M.  C.  Galatia — (1899),  p.  117).  There  is  in  that  statement  there- 
fore no  objection  to  the  placing  of  the  rearrangement  earlier,  and  with 
the  era  of  the  province,  in  y^i- 

*' See  notes   17  and  24,  and  above. 


77 


/:» 


THE  REVOLT  OF  PESCENNIUS 

NIGER 

It  has  been  held  by  many  scholars  that  the  conflict  between 
Severus  and  Niger  was  carried  on  chiefly  in  194  and  only 
ended  towards  the  close  of  that  year.^  G.  Hassebrauk-  ex- 
pressed the  view  that  the  winning  of  Asia  Minor  from  Niger 
took  place  in  193,  the  final  conflict  in  194;  but  he  gave  no 
proof.  Wilcken's  assertion'^  that  the  revolt  was  confined  to 
the  year  193,  I  believe  can  be  proved  true ;  but  the  evidence 
was  not  given  by  him,  and  his  view  has  not  won  acceptance. 
There  are  however  various  bits  of  evidence  which  demand  an 
explanation  of  the  conflict  dififerent  from  the  common  one,  and 
which  enable  us  to  give  a  more  clearly  defined  outline  of 
Niger's  revolt. 

A  coin  Gabala  in  Syria  is  extant,  dated  in  the  240th  year 
of  that  city,  and  in  the  reign  of  Septimius  Severus.*  Since 
its  era  is  47/46  B.C.,'  it  belongs  to  the  year  193/194  A.D. 
Now  it  is  very  likely  that  the  year  at  Gabala  ran  from  Oct. 
I,  as  at  Antioch.^  Hence  Severus  was  ruler  in  Syria  at  the 
latest,  by  the  end  of  September  194.  The  evidence  of  this  coin 
is  supported  by  coins  of  Asia  Minor.  In  Galatia,  before  the 
end  of  the  provincial  year  193/194  A.D.,  Severus  was  in 
power.^    Coins  of  Caesarea  in  Cappadocia  give  Severus    €t.  /3.^ 

^De  Ceuleneer,  La  Vie  de  Sept.  Sev.  (1880),  p.  61  ff.;  especially  p. 
78.  Schiller  I,  p.  711.  K.  Fuchs,  Gesch.  Sept.  Sev.  (1884),  p.  43ff. 
A.  Wirth,  Quaest.  Sever.  (1888),  pp.  9  and  24.  H.  S.  Jones,  Hist,  of 
Rom.  Emp.  (1908),  p.  240.  Dcmiaszewski,  G.  iR.  K.  (1909),  II,  p.  252. 
Liebenam,  Fasti  (1909),  p.  no.  R.  Cagnat,  Epigraphie  Latine  {1914), 
p.  208.   V.  Chapot,  Prov.  Asie  (1904),  p.  67,  dates  it  in  195. 

'Kaiser  Sept.  Sev.   (i890>,  pp.  12  and  13. 

'  Gk.  Ostr.  I,  p.  803. 

*Hunt.  Coll.  Ill   (1905),  p.  200,  6. 

''Eckhel  III,  314.    P.-W.  I,  650. 

'  See  under  Domitius  Dexter,  p.  40.  B.  M.  C.  Phoenicia  p.  cxxxix, 
has  Oct.  (Xov.)   I. 

*  B.  M.  C.  Galatia— (1899),  p.  25,  nos.  9  and  14- 

'  0/>.  cit.  p.  73ff.,  nos.  219,  222,  235. 

78  ..        . 


< 


Since,  in  all  probability,  his  first  year  there  ran  from  spring 
to  autumn  of  193,  his  second  ran  from  autumn  193  to  au- 
tumn 194.® 

There  is  also  an  inscription,  a  milliarium  in  Syria,  of  Veni- 
dius  Rufus,  governor  of  the  new  province  Syria  Phoenice 
formed  under  Septimius  Severus,  and  in  the  year  194  in  all 
probability.^^  It  w^ould  be  very  strange  to  find  a  governor 
already  repairing  roads  in  194,  if  the  revolt  was  not  over  till 
near  the  end  of  the  same  year. 

Again  there  is  a  governor  of  Arabia,  P.  Aelius  Severianus 
Maximus,  who  was  in  office  during  the  trib.  pot.  II  of  Severus, 
Dec.  193/194,  and  whose  name  appears  on  no  less  than  eight 
milestones. ^^  These  call  for  a  date  fairly  early  in  194,  at  the 
latest,  for  the  end  of  Niger's  revolt. 

A  papyrus^-  is  extant,  dated  Sep.  17,  194,  which  contains 
mention  of  Septimius  Severus  as  emperor  with  the  title  Ara- 
bicus  Adiabenicus.  These  are  the  titles  which  Severus  took 
during  his  campaigns  in  Mesopotamia,  immediately  after  the 
suppression  of  the  revolt  of  Niger.  They  have  formerly  been 
assigned  to  the  year  195.^'  That  Severus  received  these  titles 
at  least  one  month  before  the  date  of  the  papyrus  would  be  a 
conservative  assumption.^*  And  moreover  some  little  time 
must  have  elapsed,  after  the  end  .of  Niger's  revolt,  before 
Severus  could  have  assumed  them.  A  period  of  three  months 
would  be  a  very  small  allowance.  These  considerations  alone 
would  fully  justify  us  in  placing  the  end  of  the  revolt  and  the 
general  course  of  its  events  some  six  or  seven  months  earlier 
than  they  are  usually  dated.  To  a  date  as  early  as  the  middle 
of  May,  194,  objections  could  hardly  be  raised. 

But  we  know  furthermore,  from  papyri,  that  before  Feb. 
21,  194,^'"'  Egypt  which  at  first  supported  Niger,^^  declared  for 

'  See  note  6,  and  reference. 

***  See  under  Venidius  Rufus,  p.  53,  and  The  Division  of  Syria,  p.  87. 

"  Briinnow,  Arabia  III,  p.  290  for  inscriptions.  Also  C.  I.  L.  Ill, 
T4169,  14172,  14174,  14176.*    See  below,  note  61. 

"  B.  G.  U.  I,  199,  1.  2off.  It  is  dated  in  the  third  year  of  Severus, 
month  Qujd  k.     From  the  Fayum. 

^Liebenam,   Fasti  p.   no. 

'*  See  note  17. 

^'^  B.  G.  U.  I,  2>^,  col.  2,  1.12;  Severus  emperor, 

"See  below  notes  51  and  53.  The  latest  (Grenf.  Gk.  Pap.  II,  p.  95, 
no.  60)  is  dated  Dec.  5,  193. 

79 


V 


it 


Severiis.  Now  Wilcken'"  has  shown  conclusively  that  a  change 
of  emperors  was  generally  unknown  for  a  month  and  more 
in  central  and  upper  Egypt.  It  is  reasonable  then  to  suppose 
that  Severus  was  accepted  in  Egypt  as  emperor  at  least  a 
month  before  Feb.  21.  But  what  good  and  suhicient  rea- 
son could  there  be  for  Egypt  to  wish  to  leave  Niger,  or  even 
dare  to,  when  up  to  the  end  of  193,  according  to  the  usually 
accepted  view,  his  attempt  had  been  very  successful?  He  had 
won  over  all  Asia  Minor  and  even  held  Byzantium.''^  Egypt's 
acceptance  of  Severus  is  only  to  be  understood  by  supposing 
that  Niger  had  been  killed  or  at  least  badly  defeated  by  that 
time. 

Now  from  another  point  of  attack,  namely  a  study  of  the 
acclamations  of  Severus  as  imperator  during  194  especially, 
it  is  possible  to  date  even  more  exactly  the  end  of  the  revolt  of 
Niger.  It  is  the  generally  accei)ted  view  that  Severus  received 
his  second,  third,  and  fourth  acclamations  during  194.''-^  Cer- 
tain it  is  that  the  fourth  was  the  last  which  occurred  in  194, 
for  not  only  is  it  found  to  some  extent  on  documents  of  195,-*^ 
but  there  is  also  no  trace  at  all  of  the  fifth  in  194.  Liebenanr^ 
would  date  the  fourth  as  late  as  November,  on  the  evidence 
of  one  inscription--  which  gives  Severus  "Imp.  IIII,  cos.  II, 
trib.  pot.  III."  This  inscription  simply  shows  that  Imp.  IIII 
continued  in  use  after  Dec.  10,  194.  In  the  light  of  the  evi- 
dence from  the  inscriptions  of  Severianus  Maximus  governor 
of  Arabia  under  Severus  trib.  pot.  II,  and  Imp.  IIII,-"^  it  con- 
tains no  proof  that  Imp.  IIII  was  not  assumed  until  late  in 
194.  It  is  plain  then  that  the  view  that  Niger  was  finally  de- 
feated late  in  194  has  no  basis  in  so  far  as  it  rests  on  the  dating 
of  the  fourth  acclamation.-* 

It  has  indeed  been  generally  assumed  that  the  final  overthrow 
of  Niger  must  be  connected  with  the   fourth  acclamation  of 


17 


19 


» 


Gk.  Ostr.  I,  p.  Sooff.     His  proof  is  based  on  the  dating  of  ostraka 
and   papyri. 
"  A.  Wirth,  op.  cit.  p.  9. 

Liebenam,  Fasti  p.   109.     A.  Wirth,  op.  cit.  p.  24. 

E.g.  C.  I.  L.  VIJI,  10351;  10364. 
"  Fasti  p.  109. 
""E.  E.  VII,  p.  425,  5. 
^  See  above,  note  11. 

"^  So  Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  1 10,  apparently  dates  it.     A.  Wirth,  op.  cit 
p.  24. 

80 


i 


k 


Severus  as  imperator,-''  though  there  is  no  direct  proof  of  this 
at  all,  and  in  fact  there  is  evidence  to  the  contrary.  We  have 
seen  that  Severus  assumed  the  titles  Arabicus  Adiabenicus  for 
the  campaign  in  Mesopotamia  before  Sep.  17,  194.-'^  The  accep- 
tance of  such  titles  would  naturallv  be  connected  with  victories 
for  which  an  acclamation  would  likewise  be  received.  The 
last  in  194  with  which  they  can  be  associated  is  the  fourth.  To 
support  this  conclusion,  which  seems  a  necessary  one,  there  is 
some  direct  epigraphical  evidence.  The  titles  are  found  on 
one  inscription-"  of  the  early  part  of  195,  added  after  the  line 
'Tmp.  IIII,  Cos.  II,"  and  Eckhel-^  refers  to  another  in  Mura- 
tori's  collection.  There  is  also  a  coin  in  Cohen,--'  dated  in 
194  or  195,  which  reads,  ''L.  Sept.  Sev.  Pert.  Aug.  Imp. 
Illl/Part.  Arab.  Part.  Adiab.  Cos.  II  P.  P."^^  The  milliarium 
of  Venidius  Rufus,  first  governor  of  Syria  Phoenice,  dated  in 
194  affords  evidence  leading  to  the  same  conclusion.  If  the 
*Tmp.  IIP'  of  Severus,  on  the  stone,  be  the  correct  reading, 
as  the  editor  believes,  the  inscription  is  in  itself  absolute  proof 
that  Imp.  IIII  can  not  be  connected  with  the  final  overthrow 
of  Niger.^^ 

The  titles  Arabicus  Adiabenicus  which  we  have  thus  con- 
nected with  Severus  Imp.  IIII  were  conferred  with  this  accla- 
mation, and  not  with  the  previous  one,  the  third.  If  they  had 
been  given  with  Imp.  Ill  we  should  rightly  expect  to  see 
them  at  least  on  the  military  diploma^-  of  the  city  cohorts  in 
194,  and  on  the  inscription  set  up  to  Severus  by  the  veterans  of 
the  Second  Traiana.^^ 

We  should  then  naturally  turn  to  the  third  acclamation  as 
the  one  to  be  connected  with  the  overthrow  of  Niger.  That 
this  is  the  correct  conclusion  is  plainly  shown  by  Roman  coins 
on  which  Severus  is  called  'Tmp.  III.''''"'    Whereas  on  the  coins 

^'' De  Ceuleneer,  op.  cit.  p.  78;  and  the  references  in  note  24. 
^  See  note  12. 
"  C.  I.  L.  VI,  1026. 
^  VII,  172,  ref.  to  Muratori  p.  243,  i. 
^IV,  p.  41,  no.  364. 

*'  A.   Wirth,   op.  cit.  p.  24,   without  proof   rejects   this   coin,   and  the 
inscription  (note  27)  as  false. 
^^  See    under    The    Division    of    Syria,    p.    87,    and    Venidius    Rufus, 

p.  53   (i). 
^  Archaeographo  Triestino   (1908),  p.  289  —  A.  E.   (1908),  146. 
^C.  I.  L.  Ill,  6580. 
^  Cohen  IV,  p.  iff. 

81 


I 


f  I 


I    i 


with  "Imp.  I"  and  *'Imp.  11"  there  are  found  various  expres- 
sions of  victory  such  as  "Mart.  Victo."^"  and  "lovi  Vict.,"^'^ 
with  "Imp.  Ill"  we  find  for  the  first  time  a  Peace  type,"''  along 
with  other  Victory  types,  plainly  indicating  that  Severus  had 
overcome  his  rival. 

Another  bit  of  evidence  for  this  view  is  the  fact  that  Severus 
permitted  the  regular  discharge  of  veterans  of  the  city  cohorts 
in  194,^®  and  more  especially  the  veterans  of  the  II  Traiana 
in  Egypt,^^  while  he  was  Imp.  III.  It  seems  quite  improbable 
that  Severus  would  muster  out  troops  in  Egypt,  or  even  in  the 
city,  if  he  still  had  a  serious  revolt  on  his  hands  in  the  East.*^ 

We  connect  then  the  final  defeat  of  Niger  with  Severus' 
third  acclamation.  The  date  of  this  acclamation  has  been 
loosely  assumed  to  fall  in  the  middle  of  194;*^  but  it  can  now 
be  placed  considerably  earlier.  A  military  diploma,  already 
referred  to,  contains  mention  of  Severus  as  "Imp.  Ill"  on 
January  31,  194.'*'-  By  this  date  Severus  had  overcome  his 
rival.  This  conclusion  is  not  at  all  out  of  harmony  with  the 
evidence  which  allowed  us  to  place  the  end  of  the  revolt  at 
about  the  middle  of  May.  This  date — before  Jan.  31 — is 
in  fact  better  suited  to  that  evidence.  There  is  thus  a  more 
reasonable  length  of  time  allowed  between  the  defeat  of  Niger 


"Cohen  IV,  p.  37,  322,  with  "Imp.  I." 
"•Cohen  IV,  p.  29,  247,  with  "Imp.  II." 

"  There  are  two  varieties.     Cohen   IV,  p.  35,  308,  "Mars   Pacator" 
with  "Imp.  Ill";  p.  40,  359,  "Paci  Augusti"  with  "Imp.  III." 


**  See  reference  in  note  32. 

"  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  6580;  see  note  42. 


*"  It  is  of  interest  to  note  in  connection  with  the  inscriptions  of  notes 
38  and  39,  that  Liebenam  (Fasti  p.  no),  simply  taking  a  note  of 
Mommsen  (St.  R.  II,'  p.  778,  i)  dates  the  first  use  of  the  title 
proconsul  by  Severus,  in  200.  Its  occurrence  however  in  these  in- 
scriptions, with  Imp.  Ill  and  trib.  pot.  II,  shows  its  use  by  January 
31,  194  (note  42).     Cf.  also  C.  I.  L.  II,  693. 

"  Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  109. 

"See  notes  32  and  38.  The  inscription  reads:  "Imp.  Caes.  L.  Sep- 
timus Severus  Pertinax  Aug.,  P.  P.,  Pontif.  Max.,  Trib.   Pot.  II,  Imp. 

Ill,  Cos.  II,  Procos. a.  d.  Kal.  Febr.  Imp.  Caes.  L.  Septimio 

Severo  Pertinax  II,  D.  Clodio  Septimio  Albino  Caes.  II,  cos."  An 
early  date  for  Imp.  Ill  is  also  made  probable  by  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  6580, 
of  the  veterans  of  the  Second  Traiana.  Soldiers  were  "missi"  early  in 
January,  and  finally  discharged  March  i,  according  to  Mommsen, 
C.  I.  L.  Ill,  p.  2029.     Cf,  Daremberg-Saglio  III,  1058. 


82 


»      ir 


<       » 


and  the  assumption  of  the  titles  Arabicus  Adiabenicus.'^^  The 
fact  also  that  Egypt  had  submitted  to  Severus**  before  Feb.  21, 
194,  is  thus  best  explained — the  revolt  of  Niger  was  quelled. 

The  fact  that  Severus  was  known  as  Imp.  Ill  by  Jan.  31, 
194  at  Rome  makes  it  practically  necessary  to  set  the  date 
of  the  final  victory,  for  which  the  acclamation  was  given,  in 
193.  This  victory  was  won  at  Issus.*^  In  the  light  of  Fried- 
lander's*^  instances  of  the  length  of  time  necessary  for  jour- 
neys in  the  Roman  Empire  we  are  justified  in  assuming  that, 
at  that  time  of  the  year,  the  news  could  not  have  reached 
Rome  in  less  than  a  month.  So  then  the  overthrow  of  Niger 
is  to  be  dated  near  the  end  of  193  rather  than  early  in  194. 
That  the  date  must  be  late  in  193  is  shown  by  coins*'  of  the 
second  acclamation.  They  are  all  of  the  year  194.*^  This  fact 
clearly  indicates  that  the  victory  for  which  the  second  was 
taken  must  have  been  won  late  in  193,  so  late  that  the  news 
reached  Rome  only  in  time  to  allow  the  appearance  of  Imp. 
II  on  the  early  coins  of  194. 

It  is  now  possible  for  us  to  reconstruct  the  history  of  Niger's 
revolt  in  brief.  The  revolt  began,  according  to  the  ancient 
historians,*^  under  Didius  Julianus,  that  is  between  the  end  of 
March  and  the  beginning  of  June  193.^'^  The  papyri  show 
that  this  evidence  is  substantially  correct,  since  there  are  a 
few  of  the  second  year  of  Niger,^^  showing  that  the  revolt 
must  have  begun  before  Aug.  29,  193,  which  was  the  Egyptian 
New  Year's  day.^^  Furthermore  there  is  a  papyrus,  from 
Oxyrhynchus,  dated  in  the  first  year  of  Niger,  June  14,  193,^' 
and  there  are  several  others  almost  as  early.^*    Considering  the 

"  See  above  note  12. 

**  See  above  note   15. 

*'  See  below  note  70. 

*•  Sittengesch.  I,^  p.  3o6ff.;  a  journey  by  boat  from  Puteoli  to  Alex- 
andria in  nine  days;  from  Rome  to  Miletus  in  fourteen  days;  from 
Syria  to  Rome  in  fifty  days. 

*^  There  are  no  inscriptions. 

"Liebenam,  Fasti  p.  109.  Cohen  IV,  p.  15,  nos.  113  and  116;  without 
dates,  p.  29,  247,  and  p.  37,  323. 

**  See  Schiller  I,  p.  671. 

^  Liebenam,  Fasti  p.   109. 

"Ox.  Pap.  IV,  719  and  801.    Grenf.  Gk.  Pap.  II,  no.  60. 

'^  Mitteis-Wilcken  I,  I,  p.  liv. 
Ox.  Pap.  IV,  719.  1.  28. 
Dates  of  ostraka  and  papyri,  from  Niger's  first  year,  are  given  by 

83 


u 


frt 


i 


I 


Ml 


11    I 


time  which  must  have  elapsed  before  Niger's  revolt  was  known 
and  he  was  recognized  in  Egypt,  and  the  long  period  which 
usually  passed  before  a  change  of  emperors  was  known  in  the 
inland  towns  of  Egypt/''  we  may  safely  say  that  Niger  was 
probably  declared  emperor  in  Syria  early  in  April."'^ 

All  the  East  was  won  over  by  Niger  easily  and  quickly," 
and  yet  evidently  not  all  the  governors  supported  his  cause 
enthusiastically.  Fabius  Cilo,  legate  of  Galatia  in  193,  left  his 
province,  and  joined  Severus,  on  the  approach  of  Niger.^« 
The  governor  of  Arabia,  P.  Aelius  Severianus  Maximus,  ap- 
pointed at  least  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Pertinax,  is  found 
confirmed  in  his  position,  in  194,  by  Severus/"'^  Plainly  he  can 
have  been  no  ardent  adherent  of  Niger,  although  no  doubt  he 
did  not  dare  to  oppose  him  actively.  Perhaps  the  case  of  the 
prefect  of  Egypt,  L.  Mantennius  Sabinus,^'^  is  the  same;  ap- 
pointed under  Pertinax,  he  appears  again  early  in  the  reign  of 
Severus,  April  21,  194.*'' 

Wilcken,  Gk.  Ostr.  I,  p.  803;  two  of  June  17,  I93;  one  of  July  4; 
one  of  July  8. 

^'  See  above  note  17. 

^  Wilcken,  1.  c. 

"  Schiller  I,  p.  707ff. 

^^  Schiller  I,  p.  709.  Stout,  Govs,  of  Moesia  p.  33- 

""  Briinnow,  Arabia  III.  p.  290. 

*"  P.  Meyer,  Hermes  XXXIl  (1897),  p.  482.    I.  G.  R.  I,  1062. 

*^  Domaszewski  (Rh.  M.  LIII  (1898),  p.  638)  argues  that  the  evi- 
dence for  one  and  the  same  governor  of  Egypt,  and  also  of  Arabia, 
under  Pertinax  and  Septimius  Severus,  shows  that  those  provinces 
refused  Xiger  their  support,  and  must  have  favored  Severus  from  the 
first.  This  state  of  affairs  is  however  only  explicable,  he  claims,  on 
the  supposition  that  the  beginning  of  Severus'  revolt  is  much  earlier 
than  usually  supposed,  is  in  fact  under  Commodus.  Such  an  argu- 
ment throws  over  not  only  the  literary  evidence,  but  also  that  derived 
from  papyri  and  coins,  which  show  beyond  doubt  that  Egypt  did  favor 
the  party  of  Niger  for  at  least  six  months.  (See  the  papyri  to  which 
reference  is  made  in  notes  51,  54.  and  15.  For  coins,  Z.  N.  II  (1875), 
p.  249.)  That  Syria  Palaestina  joined  Xiger  is  shown  by  a  coin  of 
Aelia  Capitolina  (Cohen  IV,  p.  413,  82).  With  practically  all^  the 
Orient  thus  on  his  side,  it  is  not  reasonable  to  suppose  that  Xiger 
set  out  for  Asia  Minor,  leaving  in  his  rear  a  hostile  province,  Arabia. 
He  would  surely  have  attacked  it,  and  subdued  it,  for  its  one  legion 
(Domaszewski,   Rangord.   p.    179)    co"l<i   have   done   little   against   his 

forces. 

In  this  connection  there  is  a  papyrus  which  calls  for  some  expla- 
nation.    It   comes    from   Xabana   near   Arsinoe,   and   is   dated   in   the 

84 


\ 


< 


The  first  reverse  which  the  forces  of  Niger  met  was  near 
Perinthus.^'  The  scene  was  now  shifted  to  Asia  Minor,  and 
again,  at  Cyzicus  Niger's  troops,  under  the  leadership  of  Aemi- 
lianus,  were  defeated.^^  That  this  defeat,  though  it  resulted  in 
the  death  of  Aemilianus,  was  not  decisive,  is  shown  by  the  fact 
that  a  great  battle  was  later  fought  in  this  same  region,  be- 
tween Nicaea  and  Cius.«*  Here  Niger  himself  was  so  decisively 
beaten  that  he  was  unable  to  make  another  stand  north  of  the 
Taurus  range,^'  and  thus  lost  practically  all  Asia  Minor.  It 
was  after  this  great  victory,  I  believe,  that  Severus  received 
his  second  acclamation.  Since  it  has  been  shown  that  the  third 
is  to  be  referred  to  the  final  defeat  of  Niger,  certainly  the 
second  can  be  most  suitably  assigned  to  this  victory. 

Niger  then  withdrew  into  Syria,  leaving  a  guard  sufficient 
to  hold  the  Cilician  Gates.^^  According  to  the  account  of 
Herodian,  the  legions  of  Severus  were  unable  to  force  the 
pass  for  some  time,  and  were  becoming  discouraged;  but 
finally,  after  some  of  the  earthworks  of  Niger's  men  were 
destroyed  by  a  heavy  fall  of  snow  and  rain,  the  pass  was 
deserted,  and  the  way  into  Cilicia  was  open.  This  whole 
episode  would  naturally  fall  in  the  winter  season  of  193/194.^' 

year  i  of  Septimius  Severus  (B.  M.  Gk.  Pap.  II,  p.  114,  no.  350. 
The  date  of  it,  if  it  is  correctly  given,  must  fall  before  Aug.  29,  I93-  It 
•has  been  shown  however  that  Xiger  was  recognized  in  Egypt  by  June 
14,  193  (note  53).  It  seems  very  unlikely  therefore  that  Severus  was 
recognized  in  Egypt  until  after  the  defeat  of  Xiger.  I  imagine  that, 
after  the  overthrow  of  Xiger,  the  year  i  of  Severus  on  this  papyrus 
was  intended  to  date  the  period  before  Aug.  29,  1^4-  However,  even 
though  Severus  was  recognized  for  a  short  period  in  193,  the  evi- 
dence shows  conclusively  that  Xiger  soon  won  control  in  Eg>^pt. 

«=Vita  Severi  8,  13;  Vita  Pesc.  Xigri  5,  6.  Schiller  I,  p.  709,  thinks 
that  Xiger  won  a  minor  victory  there;  but  it  is  doubtful.  See  Fuchs, 
op.  cit.  p.  42.  Possibly  it  was  on  account  of  this  success  of  Severus 
that  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  10398,  dated  Sep.  11,  I93,  was  set  up. 

^  Herodian  III,  2,  2.     Dio  Cassius  LXXIV,  6,  4- 

•'  Herodian  III,  2,  9  and  10.     Dio  Cassius  LXXIV,  6,  4^- 

"^  Herodian  III,  2,   10. 

*  L.  c.  and  III,  3»  6. 

*"  Xote  especially  Herodian's  mention  of  the  snow  and  rain  (Hero- 
dian III,  3,  iff.,  and  III,  3,  6ff.).  A.  Wirth,  op.  cit.  p.  9.  also  saw  that 
this  episode  belonged  to  the  winter,  but  thought  it  194/195,  which  is 
not  possible.  Some  scholars  have  called  this  part  of  Herodian  a  crea- 
tion of  his  own  fancy  (Hassebrauk,  op.  cit.  p.  13,  n.  i;  and  references 
in  Fuchs,  op.  cit.  p.  45,  n,  4)-     Fuchs  himself  however  and   Schiller 

85 


U 


p 


Meanwhile  Niger  had  been  diligently  gathering  another 
army,««  and  putting  down  revolts  which  had  broken  out  at 
Laodicea  and  Tyre,  in  Syria/^^  At  the  news  that  the  pass  had 
been  taken,  he  hastily  completed  his  preparations,  and  advanced 
to  Issus  to  stay  the  victorious  forces  of  Severus.^^  There  in 
the  final  struggle  he  was  again  defeated  and  soon  afterwards 
killed,^'  near  the  close  of  193.^^ 

(I,  p.  710)  accept  it  as  reliable;  so  too  O.  Schulz  (Von  Commodus 
bis  Caracalla  (1903)  p.  39ff.)  who  prefers  to  believe  the  account  of 
Herodian  true,  but  that  of  Xiphilinus-Dio,  referring  the  storm  to 
the  battle  of  Issus,  false.  Dopp  (P.-W.  VIII,  957)  also  speaks  highly 
of  these  portions  of  Herodian.  Whichever  view  is  true  it  is  evident 
that  the  last  stages  of  Niger's  revolt  are  to  be  dated  in  the  winter 
season. 

•Herodian   III,  3,  6. 
"  Herodian  III,  3,  3ff. 

Herodian  III,  4,   iff. 

Dio  Cassius  LXXIV,  7  and  8.    Herodian  III,  4,  2ff. 

See  above,  p.  S3.     See  Appendix,  III,  p.  94. 


1' 


7t» 


71 


72 


85 


; 


THE  DIVISION  OF  SYRIA 

Toward  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Commodus,  Pescennius 
Niger  had  been  appointed  to  the  governorship  of  Syria.^  Then 
after  the  death  of  Commodus'  successor  Pertinax,  he  had 
made  an  attempt  to  gain  the  empire  for  himself ;  but  had  been 
defeated  and  killed  by  his  more  fortunate  rival  Septimius 
Severus,  in  the  last  days  of  193.^  Now  it  is  expressly  stated 
by  Herodian^  that  Niger  governed  the  whole  of  Syria,  includ- 
ing Phoenice.  An  inscription*  dated  in  198,  gives  Q.  Venidius 
Rufus  as  governor  of  Syria  Phoenice.  It  is  thus  evident  that 
the  province  of  Syria  was  divided  betw^een  the  years  194  and 
198  inclusive.^ 

Jalabert  and  Mouterde  have  published  an  inscription,^  which 
they  rightly  think  is  of  importance  for  the  settling  of  the  exact 
date  when  the  division  was  made.  This  inscription  was  found 
near  Zahleh,  in  the  territory  of  Syria  Phoenice.  It  gives 
Severus  "Imp.  III,^  Cos.  II,"  and  Venidius  Rufus  as  legatus 
Augusti.  Rufus  then  is  found  as  governor  of  Syria  Phoenice 
in  198,  and  governor,  with  no  mention  of  province,  but  in  the 

*  See  above  under  Pescennius   Niger,  p.  42. 

*See  under  The  Revolt  of  Pescennius  Niger,  p.  83. 

» Hist.  II,  7,  4. 

*C.  I.  L.  Ill,  205  =  (3)  under  Q.  Venidius  Rufus,  p.  53- 

•  Marq.  St.  V.  I,  p.  424,  very  acutely  assumed  "etwa  194."  P-  Meyer, 
Fleck.  Jbb.  XLIII  (1897),  P-  594,  "about  198."  Chapot,  Front.  Euphrat. 
•p.  164,  "vers  198."  Briinnow,  Arabia  III,  p.  250,  "um  195";  p.  251, 
"shortly  before    198." 

•Mel.  Fac.  Or.  IV  (1910),  p.  2i5ff.  =  A.  E.  (1910),  106  =  (i)  under 
Q.  Venidius  Rufus,  p.  53. 

^As  the  editors  note,  the  inscription  may  have  "Imp.  IIII,"  and  it  is 
therefore  possible  that  it  dates  from  early  195.  But  it  probably  reads 
"Imp.  III."  In  either  case,  since  Imp.  IIII  began  before  the  end  of 
194  (see  the  inscriptions  in  Briinnow,  Arabia  III,  p.  290,  under  the 
governor  Severianus  Maximus  in  194,  and  refs. ;  also  p.  80  above),  and 
since  Severus'  titles  Arab.  Adiab.  which  appear  early  in  195  with 
Imp.  IIII  and  V  (Cohen  V.  pp.  40  and  41)  are  here  lacking  in  an 
inscription  of  the  East,  the  date  is  very  probaWy  194. 

87 


/ 


t  ^ 


1 


I 


territory  of   Syria   Phoenice  in    194.     The   conclusion   would 
seem  to  be  plain,  that  the  province  was  divided  in  194. 

There  are  found  however  in  the  lists  of  Liebenam^  and 
Briinnow^  two  governors  intervening  between  Niger  and  Veni- 
dius  Rufus,  namely  Alfenus  Senecio  and  Cornelius  Anullinus. 
Neither  of  them  belongs  there.  The  inscriptions  of  Senecio  are 
undoubtedly  of  198  or  later.^^  Jalabert  and  Mouterde  believe 
that  the  legateship  of  Cornelius  Anullinus  presents  considerable 
difficulty.  They  are  inclined  to  think  that  he  must  have  gov- 
erned between  194  and  198,  and  that  Rufus  was  therefore 
twice  governor.  But  there  is  no  proof  for  Anullinus'  gov- 
ernorship at  all.  The  inscription^^  which  exhibited  him  as 
legate  of  Syria,  is  now  read^-  with  "cur—"  in  place  of  "Syr." 
There  is  then  no  reason  to  believe  that  Rufus  did  not  govern 
continuously  from  194  to  198. 

But  now^  in  the  new  inscription,  and  in  two  others'^  of  198 
found  in  Phoenician  territory,^^  there  is  no  mention  of  the 
province,  but  only  of  the  governor  Rufus.  In  another  inscrip- 
tion,^^  also  of  198,  the  province  Syria  Phoenice  is  mentioned. 
Hence  Jalabert  and  Mouterde^«  conclude  that  the  omission  is 
significant,  and  that  the  province  was  evidently  divided  some 
time  in  198.  Furthermore  they  think  that,  since  Rufus  was 
consular  governor  of  all  Syria,  and  continued  as  governor  of 
Syria  Phoenice,  the  government  of  that  province  fell  to  con- 
sulars  and  not  to  men  of  the  rank  of  praetor.  It  is  rather 
unlikely,  to  say  the  least,  that  the  consular  governor  of  three 
legions  would  be  reduced  to  the  command  of  a  small  province 
with  one  legion.^'  Then  too  the  mere  presence  or  absence  of 
the  name  of  the  province  after  the  governor's  name  seems  to 
me  to  have  little  significance.     We  might  as  readily  argue  that 

•Die  Leg.  p.  387. 

•Arabia  III,  pp.  300  and  321. 

**0n  Senecio  see  above,  p.  43. 

"C.  I.  L.  II,  2073. 

^C.  I.  L.  II,  5506.     See  above  under  P.  Cornelius  Anullinus,  p.  44. 

"C.  T.  L.  Ill,  6723;  and  6725  =  (2)  under  Q.  Venidius  Rufus,  p.  53. 

"Marq.  St.  V.  I,  p.  423,  n.  3,  and  Briinnow,  Arabia  III,  p.  251,  call 
attention  to  the  fact  that  the  general  outlines  of  Syria  Phoenice  are 
given  by  Ulpian,  Dig.  L,  15,  i. 

'' C.  I.  L.  Ill,  205  =  (3)  under  Q.  V'enidus  Rufus.  p.  53. 

**  Op.  cit.  p.  219. 

"  Domaszewski,  Rangord.  pp.  173  and   179. 

88 


i 


M 


•*-\ 


a  milestone  found  near  Hierapolis,^^  and  dated  in  197,  men- 
tioning neither  province  nor  governor,  proves  that  Syria  Coele 
was  separated  from  Syria  Phoenice  by  that  time ;  for  in  all  the 
inscriptions  of  this  period  on  milestones,  except  this  one  alone 
of  North  Syria,  mention  is  made  of  the  governor  Q.  Venidius 
Rufus. 

A  study  of  the  cursus  of  Rufus  w411  decide  the  matter.  At 
a  time  unknown  he  was  legate  of  Cilicia,^^  no  doubt  while  of 
praetorian  rank.^^  He  is  next  heard  of  as  legate  in  Syria, 
194-198.  In  204  he  was  curator  alvei  Tiberis.'^  In  205  he  was 
governor  of  Germania  Inferior.- 

Now,  in  the  first  place,  I  know  of  no  case  where  a  governor 
of  all  Syria  later  became  governor  of  Germania  Inferior.  It 
is  always  the  other  way  about,  and  even  Britain  is  held  before 
Syria.  After  the  division  Germania  Inferior  is  still  held  before 
Syria  Coele.-^  This  fact  is  in  itself  a  strong  indication  that 
Venidius  Rufus  was  not  governor  of  all  Syria. 

An  examination  of  the  office  curator  alvei  Tiberis  makes  this 
certain.  The  office  was  usually  held  soon  after  the  consul- 
ship.-* A  study  of  all  the  inscriptions,  listed  by  De  Ruggiero,^^ 
extending  over  a  period  from  Vespasian  to  Severus  Alexan- 
der, show^s  this  and  a  further  significant  fact.  In  every  case, 
w^here  a  man's  complete  cursus  is  given,  it  is  clear  that  his 
praetorian  governorships  were  held  before  his  position  as  cura- 
tor alvei  Tiberis,  while  his  consular  governorships  w^ere  regu- 
larly after  it.-^  How  then  could  Venidius  Rufus  hold  the 
governorship  of  the  empire's  greatest  province  some  ten  years 
before  he  was  curator?    This  can  not  have  been  the  case. 

We  are  now  in  a  position  to  reconstruct  Rufus'  cursus.  He 
was  praetorian  governor  of   Cilicia.     Then   he   was   given   a 

*'Brit.  Sch.  Ath.  XIV  (1908),  p.  185. 

^'Dig.  L,  6,  3.    C.  I.  L.  XIII,  7994. 

"^The  province  had  no  legion.  See  too  J.  H.  S.  (1890),  p.  25iff.,  and 
A.  E.   (1891),   119;  also  above,  p.  74. 

"  C.  I.  L.  VI,  2>22>Z2,  1.  I ;  2>2Z27y  1-  10. 

^'C.  I.  L.  XIII,  8825;  8828. 

^  Domaszewski,  Rangord.  p.  180. 

**C.  I.  L.  VI,**  p.  3109;  P.-W.  IV,  1790. 

"Vol.  11,=^  1328. 

*  There  are  at  least  ten  good  cases;  C.  I.  L.  II,  6084;  6145;  V,  531, 
4335,  5262;  VI,  1523;  X,  3761,  3870;  XI,  3364;  XIV,  3900,  3902.  A.  E. 
(1907),  180.    C.  I.  L.  IX,  4194  (uncertain).    C  I.  L.  VI,  1545. 

89 


l^% 


./ 


y 


governorship  in  Syria  from  194  to  198.  Between  198  and  204 
he  was  consul.  In  204  he  was  curator  alvei  Tiberis,  and  in  the 
following  year  consular  legate  of  Germania  Inferior. 

It  is  obvious  that,  since  praetorian  governors  did  not  hold 
Syria,  Venidius  Rufus  could  have  governed  only  Syria  Phoe- 
nice.  Hence  the  division  of  Syria  was  made,  soon  after  the 
defeat  of  Niger,  no  doubt  early  in  194.  Septimius  Severus 
doubtless  had  in  mind  the  fact  that  two  great  revolts  had  taken 
place  under  Syrian  governors  within  twenty  years,  the  revolts 
of  Avidius  Cassius  and  Niger.  He  did  not  wish  to  risk  a  repe- 
tition during  his  reign,  and  therefore  he  made  an  immediate 
division  of  the  province. 

Though  Syria  Coele^^  remained  under  a  consular,  with  two 
legions,  IV  Scythica  and  XVI  Flavia,  Syria  Phoenice  had  only 
one  legion.  III  Gallica,"®  and  was  naturally  governed  by  a 
praetorian.  This  idea  of  Domaszewski*^  is  now  confirmed  by 
our  conclusions  in  regard  to  the  cursus  of  Venidius  Rufus. 

"  Possibly  the  first  epigraphical  mention  of  Syria  Coele  is  found  in 
C  I.  L.  IX,  1560. 

"  Dio  Cassius  LV,  23,  2. 
*  Rangord.  p.  179. 


90 


'^1  l# 


^^ 


NOTE  ON  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  6169 

Stout,  Govs,  of  Moesia  p.  55,  dates  M.  lallius  Bassus,  gov- 
ernor of  Moesia  Inferior,  in  165  at  about  the  close  of  the 
Parthian  war;  but  it  seems  to  me  that  his  connection  with 
Martins  Verus,  in  the  inscription,  practically  proves  him  gov- 
ernor earlier,  that  is  in  the  early  part  of  the  war.  Martins 
Verus  was  surely  in  the  East  by  165,  when  Cassius  was  in  chief 
command  (Vita  Veri  7,  i.  Pronto,  ed.  Naber  p.  131).  As  leg. 
V  Mac,  Verus  probably  served  even  in  the  early  stages  of  the 
war  (Ritterling,  Rh.  M.  LIX  (1904),  p.  193).  It  was  not 
furthermore,  until  the  year  166  that  Imp.  Verus  returned  from 
the  East  (Dodd,  N.  C.  (1911),  p.  253.  P.-W.  Ill,  1848).  Early 
in  that  same  year  Martins  Verus  was  consul  suffectus,  and 
thereafter  would  not  be  leg.  legionis.  In  fact  he  seems  to  have 
remained  in  the  East  as  governor  of  Cappadocia  (Liebenam, 
p.  126.    Dodd,  N.  C.  (1911),  p.  264). 

Now  lallius  Bassus  was  curator  operum  publicorum  Dec.  14, 
161  (Stout,  Govs,  of  Moesia,  p.  55).  In  162  Servilius  Maximus 
was  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior.  The  earliest  possible  date 
therefore,  for  the  governorship  of  Bassus  would  be  the  year 
162/163,  and  in  that  year  I  would  place  it. 

V.  Premerstein,  in  Klio  XIII  (1913),  p.  89,  would  have 
Martins  Verus  in  the  East  as  leg.  V  Mac.  by  the  year  161/162. 
The  evidence  for  the  date  of  the  governorship  of  Bagsus  would 
indicate,  however,  that  Verus,  his  subordinate,  probably  did 
not  go  to  the  East  before  163. 


91 


INDEX   NOMINUM 


GOVERNORS   OF   SYRIA 


DATE 

69-70 
70-72 

n 

7^/77-79 
79/80 

After  80-84 

Autumn  90/98 

98/102-103  or  104 

1 04- 106/ 108 


108/115? 

115-117 

117-119 

Circa  132 

Circa  132 

135  or  136/138 

Circa  145 

Circa  135/150 

149? 


PAGE 


1 56/7- 162 

Circa  162/163 
164/165 

165-175 

175-178 

178-Circa   180 

Circa  180-182 

Circa  182-183/184 

Autumn  185/186 

Circa  186/190 

Circa   190-193 


Cn.  Pompeius  Collega  1 1 

L.  Caesennius  Paetus    1 1 

Marius  Celsus 12 

M.  Ulpius  Traianus  12 

L.  Ceionius  Commodus  13 

T.  Atilius  Rufus  15 

M.  Cornelius  Xigrinus — Maternus 15 

C.  Octavius  Tidius — lavolenus  Priscus 15 

C.  Antius  Aulus   lulius  Quadratus 17 

A.  Cornelius  Palma  18 

[ Atticus]   18 

A.  Larcius  Priscus  19 

Unknown 20 

Marinus    21 

P.  Aelius  Hadrianus   22 

[Sex.  Erucius  Clarus] 24 

L.  Catilius  Severus  lulianus  Claudius  Reginus.  24 

C.  Publicius  Marcellus 26 

C.  lulius  Severus   26 

Sex.  Minicius  Faustinus — Severus 27 

L.  Burbuleius — Optatus  Ligarianus 27 

Unknown  28 

Sulpicius  lulianus  28 

M.  Cassius  Apollinaris  ?  29 

D.  Velius  Fidus  29 

[C.  lulius  Severus]  30 

[C.   lulius  Commodus  Orfitianus] 30 

L.  Attidius  Cornelianus 30 

M.  Annius  M.  f.  Libo 31 

Cn.  lulius  Cn.  f.  Verus  31 

Gaius  lulius  Avidius  Cassius 7^2 

P.  Martins  Verus  ^^ 

M.  Pontius  Laelianus  -  -  Sabinus ^y 

P.  Helvius  Pertinax : 38 

C.  Domitius  Dexter 39 

lulius  Saturninus 40 

Asellius  Aemilianus  41 

C.  Pescennius  Niger 42 


92 


GOVERNORS  OF  SYRIA  COELE 

PAGE 

DATE 

199    L.  Alfenus  Senecio   ^^ 

[P.  Cornelius  Anullinus]  ^4 

[L.  Calpurnius]    ^ 

202/209    L.  Marius  Maximus  Perpetuus  Aurelianus 45 

[Alfenus  Avitianus]  ^5 

217/218    Fabius  Agrippinus -^^ 

Circa  222     Q.  Atrius  Clonius  ^^ 

239/252     D.  Simonius  Proculus  lulianus 47 

Before  278    Virius  Lupus "^ 

27S/7^    Maximinus ^^ 

2'/6/^2     Saturninus     ^9 

290    Charisius   ^ 

293  Primosus ^ 

294  Verinus -^ 

295  or  296    L.  Aelius  rieivius  Dionysius   5^ 

GOVERNORS  OF  SYRIA   PHOENICE 

194-198  Q.  Venidius  Rufus  53 

208/209  -i^Tiavos 53 

212/213  D.    Pius    Cassius    54 

217/218  Marius  Secundus 54 

2r8-Circa  219  Verus    5^ 

Circa  230  ?  Rutilius  Pudens  Crispinus  55 

236  Pomponius  lulianus  56 

244/249  ?  -Tos  (or  -70s)  ? 57 

253/254  ?L.   lulianus— Uranius   Antoninus? 58 

253/257  ?  ?Rufinus    58 

258  ?   Septimius  Odaenathus    59 

292  Crispinus    ^ 

293/305  Sossianus  Hierocles   60 

293/305  Aelius  Statutus ^ 

GOVERNORS  OF  SYRIA  BEFORE  70  A.D.   (NOTES) 

48/47  B.C.    Domitius  Calvinus 63 

37.35    C.  Fonteius  Capito  63 

22/31  A.D.    Pacuvius    ^3 

50    Lucius  Popillius  Balbus 64 

Ummidius  Quadratus 65 

PROCURATORS  OF  SYRIA 

I  B.C./14  A.D.    Q.  Octavius  Sagitta  66 

18/19    Statilius    67 

60/63    Barbarus    67 

Circa  70    ?C.  Plinius  Secundus 67 

Circa   100    Aemilius  luncus 68 

1 17/138    Eudaemon? 68 

93 


DATE  ^ 

Under  Commo- 
des ?  Cn.  Marcius  Rustius  Rufinus 68 

2nd  Cent.    Unknown (xj 

PROCURATORS  OF  SYRIA  COELE 

253/260    PZosimio -q 

3rd  Cent.  2nd  half    Aelius  lanuarius -o 

PROCURATORS  OF  SYRIA  PHOENICE 

262-267    Septimius  Vorodes  7^ 

3rd  C?    Name  unknown  7^ 

3rd   C  ?    Xame  unknown  -,  j 

Age  of  Diocletian    Antonius  Theodorus 71 

APPENDIX 

I.  Waddington  (no.  2212,  and  C.  R.  Acad.  Inscr.  N.  S.  i  (1865),  pp. 
120-12 1)  attempted  to  prove  that  the  revolt  of  Cassius  took  place  in 
172.  His  argument  has  been  refuted  by  C.  Czwalina,  De  epistularum 
actorumque  quae  a  Scriptoribus  Hist.  Aug.  proferuntur,  fide  atque 
auctontate,  Bonn.  Diss.  1870.  See  also,  Schiller  I,  p.  658,  n.  10;  and 
P.-W.  II,  2382.  Further  proof  against  Waddington's  position  is  to  be 
found  m  the  fact  that,  during  the  very  same  season  in  which  the  revolt 
was  carried  on,  spring  and  early  summer  (p.  36),  for  the  year  172 
Marcus  Aurelius  is  known  as  emperor  in  Egypt.  Fayum  no.  207  gives 
May/June,  172;  B.  M.  Gk.  Pap.  II,  p.  91,  early  July,  172;  B.  G.  U. 
ni,  769,  June/July,  172— all  dated  by  the  years  of  Marcus  Aurelius. 

Since  this  thesis  has  been  in  press  an  article  by  F.  G.  Kenyon,  The 
Revolt  of  Avidius  Cassius,  in  Archiv  fiir  Pap.  Forsch.  VI  (1913),  pp. 
213-214,  has  come  to  my  hand.  Kenyon  publishes  an  ostrakon  dated  in 
the  first  year  of  Gains  Avidius  Cassius,  June  19.  This  supplements  very 
nicely  the  argument  drawn  from  the  papyrus  (5).  p.  33,  above.  It  is 
chiefly  valuable,  however,  because  it  states  that  the  fifteenth  year 
undoubtedly  of  Marcus  Aurelius,  was  also  the  first  of  Cassius.  This  is 
proof  positive  that  the  revolt  is  to  be  assigned  to  the  year  175. 

II.  In  the  Sitz.  Berl.  Ak.  (1883),  p.  918,  no.  XVII,  Wilcken  published 
a  papyrus  dated  July  25,  175,  in  the  reign  of  Marcus  Aurelius.  This 
evidence  makes  it  necessary  to  date  the  revolt  still  earlier-probably 
early  March  to  early  June. 

III.  The  fact  that  Niger's  revolt  was  suppressed  at  the  end  of  193 
makes  it  necessary  to  place  the  beginning  of  the  siege  of  Byzantium  in 
the  summer  of  193.  Since  it  is  generally  agreed  that  the  city  fell  in  196 
there  is  no  adequate  reason  for  doubting  the  accuracy  of  Dio's  state- 
ment, as  A.  Wirth  (Quaest.  Sev.  p.  28)  and  Kubitschek  (P.-W.  Ill, 
1 139)  have  done,  that  the  siege  continued  for  three  whole  years.  (See 
Dio  Cassius  LXXTV,   12,   i). 


94 


#' 


I 


HlkMsd!'   ■~»-" 


\ 


pM 


y 


L- 


#' 


t 


i 


A 


<> 


/ 


CO 


LUMBIA  UNIVERS 


0025975340 


] 


osS^ozsc 


> 


*^ 


■«#"  ^ 


*■ 


if,*! 


•t'i' 


Cf; 


'-Si 


<.Mf»  w^»^ 


^^^ffi^*" 


^ 


>     ■ 


H.  *  ,'"**  • 


?■>*' 


.*r 


*  ^  flfi'      5^ 


-»t#,  ^     '«    « 


vtfilSi&firdie 


t«^?i5^ 


